NURS 6501 Midterm Exam Review Guide (Weeks 1-6)
Cellular Processes and the Genetic Environment
• Describe cellular processes and alterations within cellular processes
The eight specialized cellular functions are mov
...
NURS 6501 Midterm Exam Review Guide (Weeks 1-6)
Cellular Processes and the Genetic Environment
• Describe cellular processes and alterations within cellular processes
The eight specialized cellular functions are movement,
conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion,
respiration, reproduction, and communication.
The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and
control of genetic information.
Importantly, the ER is responsible for protein folding and
sensing cell stress.
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These
enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular
substances completely to their basic components, such
as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. A newly
understood role of lysosomes is nutrient-dependent signal
transduction. The signaling function cooperates with the
known degradative role to mediate basic cell functions,
such as nutrient sensing, metabolic adaptation, and
quality control of proteins and organelles. 8. Four
pathways of degradation in lysosomes include
endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and
autophagy.
. Mitochondria are found in great numbers in most cells
and are responsible for cellular respiration and energy
production. The enzymes of the respiratory chain
(electrontransport chain), found in the inner membrane of
the mitochondria, generate most of the cell’s ATP.
The chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions are referred to as cellular metabolism.
Anabolism is the energy-using process of metabolism,
whereas catabolism is the energy-releasing process. 2.
ATP functions as an energy-transferring molecule. Energy
is stored by molecules of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein,
which, when catabolized, transfer energy to ATP. 3.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and
is the mechanism by which the energy produced from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP
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