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NR602 EXAM REVIEW AND FINAL GUIDE

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NR602 EXAM REVIEW AND FINAL GUIDE Week 5 Gastrointestinal Dehydration: o A common problem, increased risk of diarrhea o Infants and young children are at the highest risk o Body fluids make up 7... 5% of an infant’s body weight o Infants/toddlers’ high ratio of surface area to weight equals more body loss through evaporation Diarrhea: o Acute diarrhea is typically caused by viruses, like rotavirus, bacteria, and parasites o Rotavirus is common in infants between 3 and 15 months of age o Chronic diarrhea can be caused by antibiotic treatment of another condition, poor absorption of starches and sugars, food allergies, laxative abuse in eating disorders, hyperthyroidism, or irritable bowel syndrome o In acute cases, treatment is supportive and includes fluid and electrolyte replacement and/or antidiarrheals based on age; in chronic cases, treatment is specific to the underlying conditions Assessing dehydration: o History of present illness (HPI): quantity and frequency of fluid intake, vomiting, and/or diarrhea, urine output or number of wet diapers in 24 hours, duration or degree of fever, types of medications, underlying diseases o Weight is the most essential measure in calculating body fluid loss o Physical exam (PE): vital signs, color, capillary refill, skin turgor, dryness of lips and mucous membranes, lack of tears, sunken fontanelles, output, and mental status Treatment of mild to moderate dehydration: o Commercially available oral hydration solutions (ORS) o Continue breastfeeding with ORS supplementation o Offer young children 20 ml/kg per hour o Offer older children 100 mL of ORS every 5 minutes o Combine with IV therapy as needed o Reassess after 4 hours; repeat if needed o Avoid juice, soft drinks, and sports drinks Treatment of severe dehydration: o Evidence of compromised perfusion and severe dehydration o Intravenous (IV) therapy of Ringer's lactate or normal saline if Ringers not available o under 1 year, 30 ml/k [Show More]

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