PSYC 312 Exam 2 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers

PSYC 312 Exam 2 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(n) _____ in adolescen ...

PSYC 312 Exam 2 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(n) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents. Increase Conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is common across many cultures Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents. Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as matters of personal choice, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as matters of social convention Alesandro has aspirations to become a professional musician, but whenever he speaks to his father about his career plans, his father emphasizes that Alesandro needs a backup plan and should think of something more practical. The most likely reason for this conflict is that those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices. Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is not likely Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge. Disequilibrium Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of family characteristics and adolescent development? Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other. Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during which of the following events? when individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence Adolescents who spend more time with their fathers are more likely to experience social competence and feelings of self-worth. Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is true? The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships. Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through which of the following? discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style? Authoritarian Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are responsive and demanding. Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development? Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take Divorces are most common in the early years of a marriage. Which of the following is the best example of the diathesis-stress model in action? Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive behavior. With regard to single-parent families in the United States, the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent. Which of the following is the most likely result of the effects of divorce on a child in the United States? Mekwi gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates. Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following? domestic violence Which of the following adolescents is most at risk of mental health problems? Mason, a 13-year-old homeless boy The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is the degree of conflict between parents. Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes which of the following types of discipline? Consistent New technologies and social innovations have not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them. Dr. Cruz believes she has found a society that is so technologically advanced that children routinely teach adults instead of the other way around. What would anthropologists such as Margaret Mead call this type of society? Prefigurative Compared with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ______ time with their peers ______ with their parents. more; than Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times. spend more time in peer groups According to the writers who claim a separate youth culture exists, what is its nature? Those who belong to it have different attitudes and beliefs than adults do. Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true? Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end. Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults. According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd? one sixth Self-esteem is ______ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school. Higher Which of these is the basis for membership in a crowd? shared activity Which of the following groups of peers is found in American schools but not most European schools? Jocks Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships? Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during middle adolescence. In early adolescence, ______ friendships are common, but in late adolescence, ______ friendships begin to occur more. same sex; opposite sex A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called a reference group By the end of high school, crowds become less important to adolescents Tommy values education and works hard in school, but he also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekends. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to? Populars Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show ______ empathy toward victims of the harassment. Less Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn. Esther is most likely to be at risk for diminished social competence. Studies in many countries have found a link between higher rates of bullying and greater income inequality Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is true? In most cases, the person being cyberbullied has an idea who is behind the harassment. Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as relational aggression. Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, Noah insisted that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this? hostile attributional bias According to research, which country is reported has having a relatively low prevalence of bullying? Sweden According to researchers, adolescents prefer spending time with peers over spending time with family members because peers place less emphasis than do family members on following rules. The gap in achievement between Black and Hispanic students, on the one hand, and White and Asian students, on the other hand, remains very wide Amy, a social reformer in the early twentieth century, would have likely considered which of the following to be a good reason to push for secondary education? It is effective in reducing crime by keeping youngsters off the streets. Which of these is a realistic concern with regard to requiring all high school seniors to pass a graduation test in order to earn a diploma? The financial costs associated with failing students would create a huge incentive for states to develop exams with very low requirements for passing. Inner-city schools in American continue to have tremendous problems. Approximately ________ of the high schools in the United States produce ________ of the country's dropouts. 10%; 50% Based on what you have read about high-performing charter schools, what qualities from these schools would it make sense to encourage in other schools? Focus on character development as well as academic performance. Which of the following resulted from standards-based reform? Educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do. Some critics of No Child Left Behind argued that it was having the unintended consequence of providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school. According to an analysis of national data, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications. The ability of junior high teachers to be engaged with their students appears to be negatively affected by the organization and anonymity of junior high schools. Michelle has been placed in a school program for gifted children. What is the minimum IQ score that she would need to have in order for most psychologists to consider her gifted? 130 Students in integrated classrooms who compare themselves to high-achieving peers often feel ________ about themselves. The term ________ is used for this phenomenon. worse; big fish-little pond effect Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools, or whether to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping, are typically quite controversial. Parents of students in the higher tracks ________, whereas parents in the lower tracks ________. favor tracking; oppose it Adolescents who have ADHD are at risk for anxiety and depression. Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called meritocratic. Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size? school size Jillian's family moved to another town. Even though Jillian had a high level of social competence, she was anxious about starting at a new school. However, she made friends easily, joined a sports team, and excelled in her classwork. She feels even more self-assured and confident now than she did before the move. How would a psychologist describe Jillian's transition to a new environment? Cascade In what decade did the Supreme Court rule that school districts could no longer use race as a factor when deciding how to assign students to schools? the 2000s In general, students perform best when their teachers emphasize cooperation As a follow-up to the Supreme Court rulings in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954, 1955), the Supreme Court ruled in 2007 that school districts may no longer use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools.