APK 3400 Quizzes | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

APK 3400 Quizzes | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) According to Hardy (2006), the general functions of self-talk include _________ and __________. mastery; persistence instructional; motivational cognitive ...

APK 3400 Quizzes | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) According to Hardy (2006), the general functions of self-talk include _________ and __________. mastery; persistence instructional; motivational cognitive specific; cognitive general The Modality characteristic of Imagery indicates that mental imagery can involve the __________ sense. auditory visual olfactory all are correct Hardy (2006) identifies five _________ of self-talk, which include cognitive specific; cognitive general; mastery, arousal, and persistence. outcomes sub-functions functions characteristics Experimental studies have shown similar activation of brain regions when participants imagine completing a task and when participants actually perform the task. These studies indicate that ____________ is one mechanism by which mental imagery influences future performances. neural adaptation vividness neuromuscular adaptation physiological arousal According to Hardy (2009), self-talk several __________ are responsible for the influence that self-talk has on performance. mechanisms antecedents overtness consequences Experimental studies have shown increased muscle activation in performance related muscles when participants imagine completing a movement task. These studies indicate that ____________ is one mechanism by which mental imagery influences future performances. neuromuscular activation physiological arousal vividness neural adaptation According to Hardy (2009), self-talk elicits cognitive, motivational, performance, motor behavior, and affective __________. overtness antecedents mechanisms consequences Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might result in detrimental performance outcomes? imagery scripts that systematically direct the performers attention to relevant cues during performance imagery scripts that emphasize imagining performance situations in real time imagery scripts that create a high degree of vividness imagery scripts that direct the performers attention to a multitude of environmental stimuli while they imagine executing important movements According to Hardy (2009), self-talk is influenced by personal and situational __________. However the research informing this hypothesis is limited and retrospective. consequences antecedents overtness mechanisms The overarching principle that guides PETTLEP based imagery interventions, is that mental imagery should aim to be ______________ actual performance. functionally equivalent to safer than completed during completed prior to According to the PETTLEP imagery model, performers should imagine completing tasks _____________. in slow motion from the 1st person perspective in the absence of emotion in a quiet, isolated room According to Hardy (2006), automaticity, frequency, overtness, valence, and interpretation are __________ of self-talk. sub-functions outcomes characteristics functions J.J. Gross organizes affect into three categories including: _______, _______, & ______. electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) stress, emotion, mood time, form, content emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness Individuals' physiological stress response can be measured by heart rate (HR), _______, _______, ______, or galvanic skin response (GSR). arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness stress, emotion, mood reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion time, form, content low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning IZOF proposes that the anxiety - performance curve varies at an individual level. Hanin provides three examples of what a performance curve might look like for individuals with a _______, _______, or ______. low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning time, form, content stress, emotion, mood emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) IZOF proposes that 5 dimensions of psychobiosocial states exist including: intensity, _______, _______, ______, & context. reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion time, form, content low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning stress, emotion, mood Hanin proposes that emotional experiences comprise of _______, _______, & ______. stress, emotion, mood reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness time, form, content low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion According to the lecture, emotions influence motor performance in terms of modifying _______, _______, & ______. time, form, content electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force stress, emotion, mood low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion In a laboratory setting, emotions can be systematically manipulated by presenting participants stimuli (e.g. pictures, videos, drawings) that elicit states of calmness, _______, _______, & ______. time, form, content reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) stress, emotion, mood emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness Affect is a global term that includes three major components including _____, _____, and _____. arousal, emotion, mood stress, depression, physiology holistic medicine, eastern medicine, western medicine anger, sadness, joy The purpose of progressive muscle relaxation is to ____________. train individuals to only relax muscles and never tense (i.e. contract) muscle fibers train individuals to obtain relaxation in the presence of a consultant train individuals to care less about stressful situations, leading to automatic relaxation train individuals to know when they are excessively tense, and to efficiently relax their muscle tension Breath control works by _________ and _________. increasing CO2 in the brain; decreasing muscle coordination deregulation of blood oxygen concentrations; improving muscle contraction forces managing blood oxygen concentrations; contributing to muscle contraction/relaxation coordination decreasing CO2 in the brain; increasing muscle tension in the legs According to the Process Model of Emotion Regulation, ____________ emotion regulation strategies must be applied at each stage of the emotion generation process (i.e. Modal Model of Emotion) to achieve effective emotion regulation. varied two non-specific specific Two of the physiological sensations associated with relaxation and emphasized in autogenic training include feeling ______ and ______ in the extremities. lightness and heaviness warmth and lightness warmth and heaviness warmth and cold Breath control strategies should be ________. conducted only when supervised by boarded medical professionals applied universally utilized only by expert athletes specifically designed for each sport context The objective of stress inoculation training is to ___________________. teach people that stress is predominantly in their minds sensitize individuals to stress, increasing their ability to obtain increased arousal states help individuals obtain states of hypoxia by attenuating breathing expose individuals to increasing amounts of stress in order to enhancing their "immunity" to stress According to the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER), as the demands (e.g. time, physiological, attentional, strategic, etc.) of sport performance contexts increase, the number of beneficial emotion regulation strategies _______. decreases increases remains constant is difficult to identify Biofeedback may be utilized to __________. directly improve performance in competition train individuals to attend to and regulate all physiological activity in competition train individuals to regulate measured physiological activity win at all costs, including costs to physiological health Which of the following is not considered an effective arousal regulation strategy in sport / performance contexts? yoga meditation alcohol consumption controlled breathing According to hypotheses of the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER), ______ is the most efficient regulatory strategy. Therefore, this strategy is the most likely to provide optimal regulation without disrupting performance in temporally constrained and unpredictable performance contexts. response modulation attentional deployment situation selection cognitive change Emotion regulation is defined as the processes utilized to ___________ emotions. decrease and maintain increase and maintain increase, decrease, or maintain naturally experience Focusing on performance (as opposed to outcome goals) during competition has been shown to be associated with _____ anxiety and _____ performance. less; superior more; poorer more; superior less; poorer The mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of goal setting includes _______. mobilizing and directing efforts towards improvement identifying the importance of winning emphasizing outcome focused goals understanding one's teammates better Having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a(n) ______ goal. outcome; performance process; outcome outcome; process process; performance Which of the following is a common problem when setting goals? failure to evaluate and adjust goals not setting enough goals systematically setting goals setting goals that are too specific In developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set ___________. process, performance, and outcome goals performance goals process and performance goals outcome goals An athlete sets a goal to "do my best." What limitation best describes the biggest weakness of this goal? The stated goal is _______. not specific enough too objective not challenging enough a short-term goal The three goal types vary in their controllability, adaptability, and the aspects of the performance experience to which they direct focus (attention). Based on what you know about the different goal types, which of the following goal types should help an athlete direct their attention away from aspects that cause emotional stress and disrupt performance? process goals objective goals performance goals outcome goals An athlete's goal setting program should encourage them to have a higher proportion of _______ goals, in their blend of the three goal types. process performance outcome subjective was a clinical psychologist and applied sport psychology professional. Bruce Ogilvie was part of the modernization movement of Sport Psychology research and incorporated advanced technologies (such as EMG) into research program. Dorothy Harris worked as a sport psychology consultant with the Chicago Cubs in the 1930s. Coleman Griffith conducted influential research and applied sport psychology work for the Soviet Union that has only recently been "discovered" by western academic institutions. Avksenty Puni was fundamental in establishment of International Society of Sport Psychology. Ferruccio Antonnicci conducted seminal research in sport psychology by studying cyclists and human performance in laboratory competition simulations. Norman Triplett was influential in establishing sport psychology as a recognized academic field. Franklin henry According to the APA Division 47's publication Graduate training and career possibilities in Exercise and Sport Psychology, which academic departments typically house faculty and graduate programs providing training in sport psychology? sociology education intercollegiate athletics sport sciences psychology Self-determination Theory (SDT) identifies three types of motivation including: _______, _______, & ______. amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic affective, cognitive, behavioral autonomy, competence, relatedness reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease global, contextual, situational know, accomplish, experience stimulation According to SDT, three types of intrinsic motivation regulatory processes exist including: motivation to _______, _______, & ______. affective, cognitive, behavioral autonomy, competence, relatedness amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease global, contextual, situational know, accomplish, experience stimulation Although not explicitly stated in SDT, SDT's "regulatory processes" act as _________ & __________ that __________ the frequency of behaviors, respectively. reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease autonomy, competence, relatedness amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic know, accomplish, experience stimulation affective, cognitive, behavioral global, contextual, situational In the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM), the influence of Global, Contextual, and Situational factors is predicted to be mediated by individuals' perceptions of _______, _______, & ______. reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease know, accomplish, experience stimulation global, contextual, situational autonomy, competence, relatedness affective, cognitive, behavioral amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic In the HMIEM, individuals' motivation is predicted to vary at _______, _______, & ______ levels. Motivation at these levels is also predicted to influence motivation in the higher and lower levels (i.e., influence the other levels). know, accomplish, experience stimulation reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease affective, cognitive, behavioral global, contextual, situational autonomy, competence, relatedness amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic In the HMIEM, individuals' motivation is predicted to elicit _______, _______, & ______ consequences at each level of motivation. affective, cognitive, behavioral global, contextual, situational autonomy, competence, relatedness reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic know, accomplish, experience stimulation Eduardo enjoyed playing basketball. In his sophomore year of high school he grew 6 inches, and another 5 inches his Junior year. At 6'8" tall, his ball handling skills, along with his shooting skills caught the attention of NBA scouts. Now, he's preparing for the NBA draft after 1 year of NCAA basketball and finds himself working harder than ever to improve his game. Although he doesn't enjoy the training program he is engaging in currently, he knows it will get him one step closer to his goals to become a starter for an NBA team. Eduardo's motivation is currently regulated at the _________ level. Integrated Introjected Intrinsic Identified Goal-directed actions are planned, initiated, and controlled by _________ . muscles the brain and nervous system an athlete's motivation joints and ligaments Expertise in sport performance requires ______________ to adequately develop each of the components of expert performance (e.g., physical attributes, technical skills, tactical-cognitive skills, perceptual-cognitive skills, emotional awareness, and psychological skills). deliberate practice advantaged environments innate ability luck __________ influence the psychological factors that can facilitate or disrupt motor performance, and when performed appropriately, enable performers to get one step closer to their performance potential. Thoughts Psychological skills Muscle physiology Neurons The objectives of Psychological Skills Training include increasing enjoyment of activity, achieving greater satisfaction, and ___________. dealing with adversity getting bigger, faster, stronger enhancing performance winning at all costs An athlete's performance issues can be caused by what kind of problems? biomechanical All answer choices are possible physiological psychological Motivation, emotion, attention, attributions, and confidence are all examples of ___________ that can influence performance. psychological factors clinical psychology positive psychology psychological skills Psychological Skills Training programs can be dissected into four phases including: the education; acquisition; practice, implementation, & evaluation; and _____________ phases. champion self-regulation expertise final Goal-setting, mental imagery, emotion regulation, and pre-performance routines are examples of ____________. positive psychology psychological skills psychological factors clinical psychology __________ is the mechanism that drives expertise attainment in all human performance domains. An advantaged environment Genetic predisposition Physical superiority Neural adaptation Your friend is an athlete seeking the services of a Sport Psychology Professional, but the athlete does not know who to turn to. The athlete tells you they've never been happier in their life, but when they are in competition something happens to them during the biggest moments of the competition and they can't seem to accomplish what they are able to do in practice. Which training background would most likely be the most appropriate for your friend? Clinical Psychology Sport Sciences - Sport Psychology specialization No Training Counseling Psychology _________ is a state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information. perception attention distractor concentration A _________ is an environmental stimulus that diverts attention away from performance-relevant cues. perception distractor concentration attention _________ is a state of focused attention on task and is resistant to distraction from irrelevant external or internal stimuli. attention distractor perception concentration _________ involves the processes that organize and interpret sensory information as having been produced by the properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world. attention concentration perception distractor If a QB's attention is focused on 1 single receiver the QB is utilizing ___________ attention. narrow-external broad-external broad-internal narrow-internal If a QB is mentally rehearsing (imagining) the proper throwing motion, the QB is utilizing ___________ attention. broad-external narrow-external broad-internal narrow-internal