Alterations of Cardiovascular Function. Question and Correct Answers.

Chapter 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What is the initiating event that leads to the development of

atherosclerosis?

c. Injury to the endothelial cells that line the

artery walls

ANS: C

Atherosclerosis begins with an injury to the endothelial cells that line the arterial walls.

Possible causes of endothelial injury include the common risk factors for atherosclerosis,

such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein

(LDL), decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and autoimmunity. The

remaining options occur only after the endothelial cells are injured.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1145

2. What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in

atherosclerosis?

a. LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation.

ANS: A

Oxidized LDLs are toxic to endothelial cells, cause smooth muscle proliferation, and

activate further immune and inflammatory responses. This selection is the only option

that accurately identifies the effects of LDLs.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1145

3. Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are

injured?

c. Tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-),

interferon-gamma (IFN-), and interleukin

1 (IL-1)

ANS: C

Numerous inflammatory cytokines are released, including TNF-, IFN-, IL-1, toxic

oxygen radicals, and heat shock proteins. This selection is the only option that accurately

identifies which inflammatory cytokines are associated with endothelial cell injury.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1145

4. When endothelia cells are injured, what alteration contributes to

atherosclerosis?

b. Cells are unable to make the normal

amount of vasodilating cytokines.

ANS: B

Injured endothelial cells become inflamed and cannot make normal amounts of

antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines. This selection is the only option that

accurately identifies the factor that contributes to atherosclerosis.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1145

5. Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium

associated with hypertension?

c. Angiotensin II

ANS: C

Of the available options, only angiotensin II is responsible for the hypertrophy of the

myocardium and much of the renal damage associated with hypertension.

PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1132-1138

6. What pathologic change occurs to the kidney’s glomeruli as a result of

hypertension?

b. Ischemia of the tubule

ANS: B

In the kidney, vasoconstriction and resultant decreased renal perfusion cause tubular

ischemia and preglomerular arteriopathy. This selection is the only option that accurately

identifies the pathologic change to the kidney that occurs as a result of hypertension.

PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1134-1136

7. What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an

aneurysm?

c. Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.

ANS: C

Atherosclerosis is a common cause of aneurysms because plaque formation erodes the

vessel wall. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the effect that

atherosclerosis has on aneurysm development.

PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1141-1142

8. Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel

walls and those that promote clot formation?

a. Inflammation and roughening of the

endothelium of the artery are present.

ANS: A

Invasion of the tunica intima by an infectious agent also roughens the normally smooth

lining of the artery, causing platelets to adhere readily. This selection is the only option

that accurately describes the mechanism that supports abnormal clot formation.

PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1142-1143

9. What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

a. Deep venous

thrombosis