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1. 1.ID: 18651642876 Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumour? A. It is encapsulated. B. It will not invade local tissues. C. It is well differentiated. D. It can spread far from the ...

1. 1.ID: 18651642876 Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumour? A. It is encapsulated. B. It will not invade local tissues. C. It is well differentiated. D. It can spread far from the tissue of origin. Correct Malignant tumours have no capsule, which allows them to spread readily. They have rapid growth rates and specific microscopic alterations. They are poorly differentiated and spread to distant tissues. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 2. 2.ID: 18651642868 Cancer of the connective tissue is referred to as which of the following? A. Sarcoma Correct Sarcoma is a cancer of mesenchymal tissue (including connective tissue, muscle, and bone). Carcinoma is a cancer of epithelial tissue. Leukemia is a cancer of blood-forming cells. Lymphoma is a cancer of lymphatic tissue. B. Leukemia C. Lymphoma D. Carcinoma Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 3. 3.ID: 18651642874 A cancerous tumour that is very poorly differentiated is referred to using which following term? A. Pleomorphic B. Anaplasia Correct Anaplasia means the absence of differentiation. Pleomorphic describes anaplastic cells of varying size and shape. Immortal refers to a cancerous cell’s ability to live indefinitely. Independent refers to the cancerous cell’s independence from normal cell controls. C. Immortal D. Independent Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 4. 4.ID: 18651642864 Which of the following is the serum marker used to evaluate a tumour of the adrenal gland? A. PSA B. AFP C. Catecholamines Correct Catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla and are found in excess if there is a tumour. PSA is the prostate-specific antigen and is used to detect prostate cancer. AFP is alpha fetoprotein and is used to detect liver and germ cell cancers. DNA is the genetic material in cells, not a serum marker. D. DNA Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 5. 5.ID: 18651642860 Which gene in its normal state negatively regulates cell proliferation? A. Oncogenes B. Tumour-suppressor genes Correct Tumour-suppressor genes encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation. Oncogenes are mutant genes that in their normal nonmutant state direct synthesis of protein that positively accelerates proliferation. Telomeres are protective ends, or caps, on each chromosome. Protooncogene is an oncogene in its nonmutant state. C. Proto-oncogenes D. Telomeres Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 6. 6.ID: 18651642866 A mutation that occurs due to changes in nucleotide base pairs is described as which of the following? A. Point mutation Correct Point mutations are small changes in one or a few nucleotides. Translocations occur when a piece of one chromosome translocates to another chromosome. Gene amplification can result in duplication of a small piece of a chromosome over and over again. Pleomorphic describes anaplastic cells. B. Translocation C. Gene amplification D. Pleomorphic Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 7. 7.ID: 18651642862 The process whereby tumour cells generate their own blood supply is referred to as which of the following? A. Carcinogenesis B. Angiogenesis Correct Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood vessels. Thrombospondin is a protein that inhibits the growth of new blood cells. Carcinogenesis is the development of cancerous cells. Transforming growth factor is a proangiogenic factor (aids in the development of blood vessels). C. Transforming growth factor D. Thrombospondin Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 8. 8.ID: 18651642878 Genomic instability refers to which of the following? A. A decreased ability to mutate during the metaphase of the cell life cycle B. Increased tendency for genome alterations and mutability during cell life cycles Correct Genomic instability refers to an increased tendency of alteration mutability in the genome during the life cycle of cells. Inherited and acquired mutations in caretaker genes that protect the integrity of the genome and DNA repair increase the level of genomic instability and risk for developing cancer. C. Genetic weaknesses predispose the development of solid tumours D. Absence of tumour suppression cells that result in excessive cell proliferation Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 9. 9.ID: 18651642870 When a patient is diagnosed with a benign tumour, the tumour most likely has which of the following features? (Select all that apply.) A. Well encapsulated Correct B. Well differentiated Correct C. Absence of normal tissue D. Spreading to regional lymph nodes E. Generally resistant to treatment modalities Benign tumours are well encapsulated and well differentiated, but actually do retain some normal tissue. They do not spread to regional lymph nodes, nor are they generally resistant to treatment. Awarded 0.0 points out of 2.0 possible points. 10. 10.ID: 18651642872 Research has shown a connection between the development of cancer and which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Epstein-Barr virus Correct B. Hepatitis B virus Correct C. Hepatitis C virus Correct D. Hepatitis A virus E. Human papillomavirus Correct Hepatitis B and hepatitis C have been linked to the development of liver cancer, usually due to chronic inflammation. Epstein-Barr virus can lead to B-cell lymphomas in those patients who are immunosuppressed. Human papillomavirus has been linked to cervical, anogenital, and penile cancers. Research has not shown a link between cancer and the hepatitis A virus. Awarded 0.0 points out of 4.0 possible points.