NSG 6020 Final Exam Review
1. Normal breast changes with menstrual cycle
Fibrocystic breast changes include a variety of histopathological variations, with fibrotic thickening often paired with the development of c
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NSG 6020 Final Exam Review
1. Normal breast changes with menstrual cycle
Fibrocystic breast changes include a variety of histopathological variations, with fibrotic thickening often paired with the development of cysts. However, this condition is considered benign and/or physiological rather than pathological.
The nodularity is usually associated with tenderness. The nodularity and tender- ness are both cyclic in nature, fluctuating with the menstrual cycle. The symp- toms are usually most severe just before menses. The size and/or number of lumps or nodules may fluctuate during the cycle. The changes are usually bilateral. Breast discharge may also occur cyclically before menses and is usually serous.
Breast pain—mastalgia or mastodynia—is the most common breast complaint. The most common type of breast pain is cyclic mastalgia, which occurs in pre- menopausal women and is associated with hormonal fluctuations. In contrast, noncyclic breast pain is often unilateral and may be described in many ways, including sharp, burning, and aching.
Many benign breast changes, including cysts, mastitis, trauma, abscess, duct ectasia, and fibroadenoma, are associated with noncyclic mastalgia. Women who experience cyclic mastalgia usually have onset as a teen or young adult.
The pain associated with hormonal fluctuation most commonly occurs during the second half of the woman’s cycle. The variability of the signs and symptoms is identified with a symptom calendar. The pain is typically poorly localized, bilateral, and nonspecific. It may be accompanied by a sense of breast fullness. The examination may identify the multiple, bilateral nodularities associated with fibroadenomas or fibrocystic changes.
Diagnostic Studies
The breast pain diary identifies the cyclic nature of the pain and its association with the menstrual cycle. A mammogram or ultrasound reveals no indication of malignancy or mass other than fibroadenomas or cysts.
2. Risk factors associated with osteoporosis
Age: Post-menopausal, Gender: women, family history, small body frames, Ethnicity: Asian and Caucasians, smoking, alcohol, hyperthyroid & hyperparathyroid, steroids, and a history of bone fractures, low calcium & vit D, and eating disorders.
3. Findings in a peripheral vascular assessment
Dependent edema, non-painful, hyperpigmented thick skin, high risk of stasis ulcers, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins. Pain or weakness that occurs in the calves, and sometimes the thighs or buttocks, with exercise and dissipates at rest is most likely related to PVD. The onset of the pain is gradual and may not even occur until some time after exercise. The pain tends to be a constant ache that may last hours to days.
4. Signs and symptoms of heart failure, and venous thrombosis.
Heart Failure: The three most common symptoms of HF are dyspnea with exertion or rest, orthopnea, and edema. Patients also may complain of nonproductive cough and fatigue. Signs include ankle or pretibial edema, rapid weight gain caused by fluid retention, bibasilar crackles, tachycardia with a gallop rhy
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