TEST BANK 21st Century Astronomy FOURTH EDITION LAURA KAY STACY PALEN BRAD SMITH GEORGE BLUMENTHAL

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TEST BANK 21st Century Astronomy FOURTH EDITION LAURA KAY STACY PALEN BRAD SMITH GEORGE BLUMENTHAL CHAPTER 1 Why Learn Astronomy? CONCEPT MAP Sec 1.1 1. Astronomy I. Definition i. Astronomy loo ... sely translated means “patterns among the stars” (MC: 1) II. Your Place in the Universe i. Your address: street, city, town, country, Earth, Sun, Milky Way, Local Group, Virgo Supercluster, universe (MC: 3, SA: 1) ii. Solar System: classical versus dwarf planets (TF: 1, 2, MC: 1–4, 7, SA: 2) iii. Milky Way: contains 200 to 400 billion stars (MC: 3, 5–7) iv. Local Group (MC: 3, 8) v. Virgo Supercluster (TF: 3, MC: 3) vi. Universe: contains hundreds of billions of galaxies, roughly as many stars as in the Milky Way (TF: 4) vii. Much of the universe is made of dark matter, and all of space is permeated by dark energy (TF: 5, MC: 9, 10) III. Scale of the Universe i. Speed of light, c  3  108 m/s (MC: 11) ii. d  v  t (TF: 2, MC: 12–17) iii. Light year is a measure of distance (TF: 6, MC: 12, SA: 3) iv. Distance versus time comparison: circumference of the Earth versus snapping your fingers (MC: 19, 20, SA: 4–6) IV. Origin and Evolution of Universe i. Age of universe: 13.7 billion years (MC: 21) ii. Big Bang created the initial chemical elements: H, He, Li, Be, B (TF: 7, MC: 22, 23) iii. Stars manufactured the other chemical elements from nuclear burning and explosions (TF: 7, 8, MC: 24, 25, SA: 7) iv. Solar System formed v. Life evolved on Earth Sec 1.2 2. Science Involves Exploration and Discovery I. Evolution of Astronomy from New Technology i. Satellites, e.g., Sputnik, lunar exploration, Solar System exploration (TF: 10, MC: 26, SA: 8, 9) ii. Space-based astronomy used for high spatial resolution and access to wavelengths blocked by the atmosphere (TF: 10, MC: 27, SA: 9, 10) iii. Cross disciplines: astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, planetary science iv. Computers: a new important tool for astronomers (SA: 9) Sec 1.3 3. Science Is a Way of Viewing the World I. Scientific Method i. Scientific method (MC: 28, 29, SA: 11) ii. Rational inquiry iii. Facts iv. Hypothesis (MC: 28, 30, SA: 11) v. Theory (MC: 28, 30, SA: 12) vi. Testable predictions/falsifiable (TF: 10, 11, MC: 28, SA: 11) vii. Physical laws viii. Scientific principle ix. Occam’s razor (MC: 31, 32) x. Cosmological principle (TF: 12, MC: 33, 34, SA: 13, 14) II. Scientific Knowledge Changes and Evolves i. Scientific knowledge continually evolves, usually slowly and gradually, because of new information (MC: 28) ii. Even when a theory is accepted as true, it may need revision later when new data comes along (TF: 14, MC: 28, 35, SA; 12) iii. Scientific revolutions: e.g. Newton/gravity, Einstein/special and general relativity, and quantum mechanics (MC: 36, SA: 15) iv. “Modern Physics,” post-quantum mechanics III. Challenges to Science i. Cultural/philosophical/religious influences ii. Scientific facts and theories need to be judged based on their predictions and observations alone iii. Scientists never ignore data just because it doesn’t fit their theory Sec 1.4 4. Patterns Make Our Lives and Science Possible I. Patterns Point Out Underlying Scientific Principles i. Patterns point out underlying scientific principles (TF: 15, MC: 37, SA: 16, 17) ii. Examples of patterns: rise/setting of Sun, seasons (MC: 38, SA: 16, 17) II. Mathematical Tools i. Mathematics is the “language of science,” a tool to quantify and compare patterns (MC: 39, SA: 18) ii. Scientific notation (MC: 40–43) iii. Ratios and proportionalities (MC: 44–49) iv. Units (MC: 50, 51) v. Reading a graph (MC: 52) vi. Slope of a line (MC: 53) [Show More]

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