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MED SURGE 2 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

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MED SURGE 2 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 1. what is diabetes?: a chronic multi-system disease characterized by hyperglycemia related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin use or both 2. which type of diabetes is more common?: type 2! 3. what environmental factors cause type 1 diabetes?: virus and toxins 4. what environmental factors cause type 2 diabetes?: obesity and lack of exercise 5. what is a normal glucose level?: 74-106 6. what is type 1 diabetes?: body develops antibodies against insulin and or pancreatic B cells that produce insulin resulting in not enough insulin to survive 7. what are the causes of type 1 diabetes?: -genetic predisposition (HLAs) & exposure to virus -idiopathic (no clear cause) -latent autoimmune diabetes (slow developing type 1) 8. when do manifestations develop with type 1 diabetes?: develop when pancreas can no longer make enough insulin, then rapid onset with ketoacidosis 9.what do people with type 1 diabetes require?: ** require exogenous insulin!! 10. what are the classic symptoms with type 1 diabetes?: -polyuria (frequent urination) -polydipsia (excessive thirst) -polyphagia (excessive hunger) -weight loss, weakness, fatigue, ketoacidosis (all symptoms have to do with severe dehydration- high and dry!) • what is diabetic ketoacidosis?: -liver breaks down fat (lipolysis) -byproduct is ketones, which can be used for energy but quickly build up and create acidosis • diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency! what do you treat it with?- : insulin! -sometimes potassium and insulin so you don't tank K • what are signs and symptoms of DKA?: -extreme thirst -headache -frequent urination -N/V -feeling very tired or weak abdominal pain -fruity smelling breath -rapid, deep breathing (kusmal respirations) • what is type 2 diabetes?: -most prevalent (90-95%) -pancreas usually makes some endogenous insulin but not enough insulin is produced and/or body does not use insulin effectively • what is the major distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?: the presence of endogenous insulin!!! -in type 1 diabetes there is NO endogenous insulin • what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?: -overweight or obese advanced age -family history -prevalence in children due to obesity -greater prevalence in ethnic groups • what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?: -genetic link and problems with how the body uses insulin: -insulin resistance -decreased insulin production by pancreas inappropriate hepatic glucose production • what factors are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes?: production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue (adipokines: adiponectin and leptin) -the brain, kidneys and gut have roles in developing type 2 -metabolic syndrome • what are the criteria of metabolic syndrome?: **3/5 of these is considered metabolic syndrome! -low levels of HDL cholesterol -elevated blood sugar levels -high BP -excess weight in abdomen -hypertriglyceridemia • What are some common characteristics of the onset and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?: -gradual onset -high blood sugar may go unnoticed for years -often found through routine lab tests showing high glucose or A1C

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