Test Bank for Introducing Psychology, 5e Daniel Schacter, Daniel Gilbert, Daniel Wegner, Matthew Nock (All Chapters Download link at the end of Chapters)

Test Bank for Introducing Psychology, 5e Daniel Schacter, Daniel Gilbert, Daniel Wegner, Matthew Nock (All Chapters Download link at the end of Chapters) Chapter_01_Essay 1. Describe philosophical dualism and philoso ...

Test Bank for Introducing Psychology, 5e Daniel Schacter, Daniel Gilbert, Daniel Wegner, Matthew Nock (All Chapters Download link at the end of Chapters) Chapter_01_Essay 1. Describe philosophical dualism and philosophical materialism. Most modern-day psychologists embrace materialism, but which branch of modern-day psychology explicitly uses this approach in its study of the mind? ANSWER: The answer should provide the following information: (1) Philosophical dualism is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally different things. (2) Philosophical materialism is the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena. (3) In their work, cognitive neuroscientists study the relationship between the brain and the mind. Because cognitive neuroscientists assume that the brain and the mind are related, they use a materialist approach. 2. Contrast the views of Locke's realism with Kant's idealism. What position do modern psychologists take on this issue? ANSWER: The answer should provide the following information: (1) Locke argued that perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs. (2) Kant argued that perceptions of the world involve both information from the sensory organs and the brain's interpretations of that information. (3) Modern psychologists agree that our perception of the world is an inference of our brain's best guess at what is there. 3. Differentiate between a structuralist and a functionalist approach to understanding consciousness. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences that gave rise to these schools of psychology. ANSWER: The answer should indicate that Wilhelm Wundt began structuralism and was greatly influenced by the physiological research of Helmholtz, for whom he was a research assistant. Structuralism attempts to identify the basic elements that constitute the mind by deconstructing the conscious experience through techniques such as introspection. William James began functionalism. He did not believe that consciousness can be broken down into basic elements; rather, he believed consciousness was more like a flowing stream than a collection of components. Functionalism sought to identify the adaptive significance, or functions, of consciousness, rather than deconstructing it into elements. James was highly influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection. 4. Discuss Sigmund Freud's influence on the field of psychology. What are the contributions and critiques of psychoanalytic theory? ANSWER: The answer should provide the following information: (1) Though many people disagree with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, he is one of the most influential psychologists ever. (2) Freud had been educated as a physician and noticed that patients were coming into his office with problems that had no physical justification. Freud decided to talk with these patients about their psychosomatic symptoms, which were termed hysteria in Freud's day. Over time, he developed a therapy called psychoanalysis. (3) Freud developed a theory of how the mind works and how people may be governed by forces of which they are unaware. This idea of an unconscious has had a tremendous impact on psychology, literature, and art. It also formed the basis of psychoanalysis, which involves bringing unconscious motivations, desires, and thoughts into the conscious mind. (4) One limitation of psychoanalytic theory is that it does not lend itself to testable predictions. Because there is little empirical support for Freud's theories, his influence has diminished over the decades. Another criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that it portrayed the human condition pessimistically, positing that human behavior was governed by rather dark forces that were outside of our conscious awareness.