medication doc.,WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A.

Introduction The patient admitted name is Henry Williams and he is 74 years old he, who lives with his wife Ertha who has a mental condition making her forget easily. He weighs 193 pounds, has a height of 72 inches an ...

Introduction The patient admitted name is Henry Williams and he is 74 years old he, who lives with his wife Ertha who has a mental condition making her forget easily. He weighs 193 pounds, has a height of 72 inches and a Christian who goes to Baptist church. Henry reacts with penicillin medicine. After experiencing difficulty in breathing, the neighbor brought him where he was admitted with acute exacerbation. In the past, he has suffered from other diseases like cardiovascular, loss of hearing, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among others. Also, he has undergone surgery at the age of 15 years to remove his appendix. Henry is a retired public servant who was an engineer working for transit systems and a heavy smoker who used to smoke one packet per day but has never taken alcohol. In this article, we shall have a brief review of two of the primary diagnosis diseases having attacked Henry their symptoms and risk factors. Medical diagnosis is also an aspect of the report which includes the treatment drugs and nurse management. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD exacerbation is an event in the course of a disease which is characterized by a drastic change in the baseline dyspnea of the patient, cough, and sputum which is beyond the normal variations. It is described to be acute when it begins and requires a change of often used medication. It is a slow and chronic progressive illness characterized by obstruction of airflows that remains constant over a duration of time. Patients with severe to moderate COPD are at high risks to day to day exacerbations which runs up to three or more exacerbations in a year that are the cause of admission to the hospital, and also readmission thus may have considerable effects on the quality of life as well as day activities. Recurrent exacerbations have increased bacterial airway colonization with bacteria such as Hemophilic influenza in the steady state thus the increased inflammation in the airway which in turn leads to a decline in the lung function. An obvious symptom of this implication is shortness in relation to the breath. One feels like they cannot get sufficient air during breathing which is noticed during day physical activity or even when one is to rest. The breath makes noises that are strange such as wheezing which suggests pus or mucus is blocking the airways. Rattling or gurgling might mean that fluid is in the lungs. There is also an irregular sort of breathing where one feels to use the muscles of the chest cavity to breathe instead of the diaphragm. Breathing often becomes uneven, and the chest moves faster, then sometimes slower. (Maimonides, M.) Coughing is also a major characteristic of COPD which is more Spartan and more habitually than usual. It could also be dry, green, or phlegm which is bloody. It either gets worse when one lies down and forces one to sit on a chair all the time. There is also patient change in skin color, and nail color one observes a blue tint around the lips and a yellowish turn of skin color. There is a feeling of sleeping throughout and a loss of appetite which can at a severe stage lead to being unable to get words out. One is forced to use gestures of the hand. Morning headaches are also a significant sign of the disease whereby one starts the day with an aching head due to lack of oxygen in the blood. Henry Williams as described was unable to catch the breath which is a symptom of the COPD he, therefore, displayed it thus can be compromised as suffering from the disease. (Maimonides, M.) Risk factors Smoking Most instances of COPD are characterized by inhalation of pollutants which includes direct and indirect smoking of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. It mostly occurs in individuals aged above forty years who have a long history of smoking. Passive smokers are also at relevant risk of being victims of the disease but at a lower percentage. Though not everyone who smokes can be affected by COPD but ninety percent of the people who have smoked have COPD. Environmental factors COPD can occur in individuals who come in contact with pollutants that are harmful for a long duration of time in their working places. They may include dust, chemicals or even fumes. This Long-term interaction with smoke in terms of passive smoking or other irritants of the lung in the home, for instance, organic culinary fuel can also spring COPD. Genetic factors An individual who has never smoked or either exposed themselves to smoke or environmental conditions in terms of pollutants can still cultivate COPD. Genetically one can acquire the disease in the following ways. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency is the common factor for emphysema2 genetically. Without the protein white cells harm the lungs. Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular, CVD is a class of diseases which involves the blood vessels or the heart. It includes coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, rheumatic disease, congenital heart disease and venous thrombosis. It is researched that the leading deaths globally recently are as a result of the cardiovascular disease which is true in all the other areas except in Africa. The stroke and the coronary artery disease account to up to eighty percent of the CVD deaths in meals and seventy-five percent of the female deaths. The most affected people by the diseases listed above are the aged people. The main precursor of the cardiovascular disease starts in the childhood. The pathobiological elements of Atherosclerosis verified that fewer lesions appear in the aortas and more in the coronary arteries of people aged seven to nine years. The symptoms of the cardiovascular disease can be either general or warning symptoms. The general symptoms are for instance extreme fatigue that is as a result of restlessness, dizziness that is constant which is as result of lightheadedness and a heart rate that is very fast. Pain in the chest or discomfort that comes during physical activity which goes away with rest and rise in difficulty while one is breathing are also symptoms of the disease. There might arise a respiratory cough or infection that worsens and an appetite loss or nausea. Pressure or pain in the middle of the chest that goes for more than five minutes which ends and comes back is taken as a signal for the attack. There might be uneasiness in spreading of the back, throat, arm and back. Irregular or rapid heartbeats can also be a symptom of cardiovascular disease as a result of shortness of breath. If one is a woman, she is likely to feel discomfort or chest pain which is not a continuous element. These signs are ones to pay attention to since they result in complications and severe attack of the disease. Risk factors There are several risk factors for this heart disease which include gender, age, genetics and others as illustrated below. Genetics The risk of a newborn baby to contract the disease from parents who are victims is three- fold. Manifold single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) has been researched to be in association with the cardiovascular in studies associated with genetics. (Herik, E.2011). Their individual effect is usually small, and the contribution of genetics to cardiovascular disease are not properly understood. Age Age is the main significant risk in the development of cardiovascular disease with a trebling of risk with each life decade. At the adolescence level, there may rise fats in the coronary artery in which an approximate of eighty-two percent die at an old age of about sixty- five years. Explanations have been put across to explain the reason as to the increase in the risk of the disease, one of them being serum cholesterol level. Sex Comparatively, men are at a higher risk of acquiring a heart disease than women who have not yet attained menopause. Scientists argue that once a woman is a past menopause, she is at the same risk level as a man. A female suffering from diabetes is more likely to begin developing a heart disease than a male with the same complication. Estrogen which is a major sex hormone in women has the protective effect of acting against the attack which is adversely absent in women past menopause. (Herik, E.2011) Tobacco Cigarettes are the principle form of tobacco that is smoked which is risky due to its direct consumption. At the same time, passive smokers are also at relatively high risk of acquiring the disease. Up to ten percent of the cardiovascular disease is ascribed to smoking. (Joyce, G. 2002) Physical inactivity The risk of the attack of the ischemic disease and diabetes can be reduced by participation in a hundred and fifty minutes modest physical activity. The activities do assist in loss of excess weight and improve the control of glucose in blood, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, an inadequate physical activity which is defined as being less than a hundred and twenty minutes of tough exercise is currently one of the leading risk factors to deaths globally. (Bouchard, S. 2007) Diet Saturated fats intake in meals, trans-fats and high solutions of salt meals, intake of fewer fruits, fish, and vegetables can be linked to cardiovascular risk. For instance, the quantity of salt taken in a meal is an important determinant of the overall cardiovascular risk and the blood pressure at large. Consumption of foods rich in energy frequently such as foods that are processed which are highly contented in sugar and fats leads to high risk of being attacked by obesity which increases the cardiovascular jeopardy. There is a comparable relationship between the consumption of alcohol and attack of the cardiovascular disease which depends on the quantity of alcohol taken. (Joyce, G. 2002) Socioeconomic benefit This disease majorly is a threat to low and countries of low income more than the developed countries. The developing countries lack the proper mechanisms in terms of finances to provide medicine to the patients which in turn increases the spread leading to more deaths. Among the listed factors age, gender and family history can be controlled while the rest cannot be controlled. (Herik, E.2011) As per the information was given, Henry is aged seventy-four years. Age being one of the risk factors for the cardiovascular disease we can assess that he is suffering from the same. The eighty-eight kilograms might be slightly higher for a hundred and eighty-three centimeters tall individual, lack of physical activity. Tobacco is also one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Under the history page, Henry could take one pack of cigarette per day for fifty years which was the contributor of the attack of the disease. The wife addressed the loss of appetite by her husband Henry which had diminished and later lost some weight which is also a risk factor. Therefore Henry can be approximated by the above description to be suffering from cardiovascular disease. COPD and cardiovascular disease especially heart failure are characterized by one symptom which is common to all. In both the patient experiences difficulty while breathing when one is exposed to heavy tasks for instance climbing of stairs, difficult body exercising and walking long distances. Pharmacology Most common Drugs which are recommended currently for the treatment of COPD are Bronchodilators which include methylxanthines, Roflumilast, selective B2-agonists, and glucocorticoids. Other medication may include antibiotics, vaccines, vasodilators, antioxidants, mucolytic agents, and antitussives. The medication used are to reduce the difficulty that is experienced in breathing, flares and to keep the feeling of being life threatened. These medications are taken with devices like inhalers, so they are fully helping the patient, like for Henry since he is chronic they need to be used. For instance, bronchodilator will be used together with albuterol in our patient case since his the disease chronic. Roflumilast has the following side effects: weight loss, cramps, diarrhea, and tremors. The patient should thereby be ready for the above-named effects. Other medications the patient is taking are Aspirin which is helping in reduction of heart problems, Lopressor and Lisinopril which both regulates his pressure. The reason for using both for patient’s side effects. A tablet known as theophylline opens up and relaxes the airways which are to be taken two times in a day. It's possible side effects are headaches, insomnia, and irregular palpitations. Due to the breathing problems, Henry should take theophylline together with Roflumilast alone for a duration of one week to observe the changes on his health. Theophylline will open up airways and roflumilast will provide a mucolytic medication on the airways. Nursing management For chronic bronchitis, I would do the following: administration of approved medication which is inclusive of antibiotics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators and mucolytic agents. If the first sign of infection is a change in sputum, then I shall apply antibiotics. Regularly checking on him to see his progress and administering the medication on time, since he has a pressure issue I would always make sure I take the tests to be sure any progress made. During his time of discharge, the only person since his wife has a mental condition explaining to the neighbor the medications necessary and advising him to come for regular checks. Clearance of airways with percussion, postural and sanctioning, improvement of breathing patterns by having the client to take a deep blow out and breathe against closed lips. (Harvey, V, & In Housel, H. 2014) Health disparities Health disparities are the differences that can be preventable concerning the violence, burden of disease or chances of getting the best health experience which mostly is a disadvantage to the less privileged in the society. The case of Henry high death rate is reported from the sickness due to lack of good health care. Codes of ethics prohibit one from choosing some groups to have more deaths and high rates of diseases. These groups can be based on their races, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation and income in which this case it is related to the sickness. For instance, Men becomes more sensitive to nicotine addiction than women, like Henry, who used to smoke a packet each day the effects they may have on him compared to those of women showing the different in gender. Being brought to my section, I would strongly advise him to quit smoking and show him the effects caused it would cause to his health. Healthy people 2020 This is a foundation in which has the vision to provide a society whereby all the people will live long and healthy lives. Its missions include striving in the identification of nationwide improvement priorities in terms of health, provision of measurable goals and objectives which are applicable at all the levels. The goals include promotion of quality life, development of good health, the creation of physical and social environments which support good fitness for everyone, elimination of disparities, and achievement of heath equity. For the case of our patient being provided with a peaceful environment and a very conducive environment with proper medical care that will result to nurse knowing the patients better. According to the above-mentioned, he is at risk of increasing the number of adults with prehypertension. For Henry, the goal involving support for good fitness will be of benefit to the patient as this, and the act recommends for more physical activities. (Herik, E.2011) Conclusion This paper entails discussion of two major diseases that are assumed and medically confirmed to have attacked Henry. COPD and Cardiovascular disease are a major concern here. They are diseases that majorly affect the lungs and have a diverse effect on the breathing system of the patient at hand. Lack of enough physical exercise to the body results to several implications especially in the flow of blood. The blood system needs sufficient oxygen thereby lack of enough exercise leads to accumulation of carbon dioxide in blood that is also one of the causes of cardiovascular disease. Intake of cigarette and other pollutants has side effects on the lungs . References British Cardiac Culture., & British Medical Association. (2007). Cardiovascular research. London: British Medical Association. Maimonides, M., & In Munster, S. (2012). Treatise on ocpd. Philadelphia: Lippincott. In Harvey, V. L., & In Housel, T. H. (2014). Healthcare discrepancies and the LGBT population. Herik, E. G. (2011). Genetic and hemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. S.l.: The Author. Turnpeny, P. D., & Ellard, S. (2012). Emery's elements of medical genetics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. Joyce, G. (2002). Smoking poppy. London: Golancz. Bouchard, S. N., & Haskell, W. L. (2007). Physical activity and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Rowland, T. W. (2017). Biologic regulation of physical activity.