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9693090-Nursing-Theories

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Nursing has made phenomenal achievement in the last century that has lead to the recognition of nursing as an academic discipline and a profession. A move towards theory-based practice has made contemporary nursing more meaningful and significant by shifting nursing’s focus from vocation to an organised profession. The need for knowledge-base to guide professional nursing practice had been realised in the first half of the twentieth century and many theoretical works have been contributed by nurses ever since, first with the goal of making nursing a recognised profession and later with the goal of delivering care to patients as professionals. A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice. A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter- relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing.. Based on the knowledge structure levels the theoretical works in nursing can be studied under the following headings: • Metaparadigm (Person, Environment, Health & Nursing) – (Most abstract) • Nursing philosophies. • Conceptual models and Grand theories. • Nursing theories and Middle range theories (Least abstract) NURSING PHILOSOPHIES Theory Key emphasis Florence Nightingale’s Legacy of caring Focuses on nursing and the patient environment relationship. Ernestine Wiedenbach: The helping art of clinical nursing Helping process meets needs through the art of individualizing care. Nurses should identify patients ‘need-for – help’ by: Observation Understanding client behaviour Identifying cause of discomfort Determining if clients can resolve problems or have a need for help Virginia Henderson’s Definition of Nursing Patients require help towards achieving independence. Derived a definition of nursing Identified 14 basic human needs on which nursing care is based. Faye G.Abedellah’s Typology of twenty one Nursing problems Patient’s problems determine nursing care Lydia E. Hall :Care, Cure, Core model Nursing care is person directed towards self love. Jean Watson’s Philosophy and Science of caring Caring is moral ideal: mind -body – soul engagement with one and other. Caring is a universal, social phenomenon that is only effective when practiced interpersonally considering humanistic aspects and caring. Patricia Benner’s Primacy of caring Caring is central to the essence of nursing. It sets up what matters, enabling connection and concern. It creates possibility for mutual helpfulness. Caring creates - possibilities of coping possibilities for connecting with and concern for others, possibilities for giving and receiving help Described systematically five stages of skill acquisition in nursing practice – novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert. ........................................CONTINUED.......................

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