What is Footnoting/Endnoting (Chicago Style)?
Sometimes called “Chicago Style,” footnotes and endnotes are different from in-text citation
methods (such as APA or MLA). Footnotes and endnotes require you to include det
...
What is Footnoting/Endnoting (Chicago Style)?
Sometimes called “Chicago Style,” footnotes and endnotes are different from in-text citation
methods (such as APA or MLA). Footnotes and endnotes require you to include detailed
information about each source as you cite it. With few exceptions, you should use either
footnotes or endnotes in your paper, not both. Many professors prefer that you use footnotes
rather than endnotes. Check with your professor to see what he or she prefers.
The guidelines for this style are published in the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style:
The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers (University of Chicago Press, 2010).
When to Footnote/Endnote
When You Have Used Your Own Words, Use a Footnote/Endnote to Cite:
someone else's ideas or arguments that you have paraphrased or summarized.
information or numerical data that is not common knowledge.
For example:
9.7 million soldiers were killed during World War I. 1
However, information that is considered common knowledge within a discipline does not need
a footnote. For example, the following would be considered common knowledge in history:
It is well known that World War I began in 1914 and was triggered by the assassination
of the Archduke Ferdinand.
Deciding what is common knowledge can be tricky. So...When in doubt, cite your source!
Use Footnotes/Endnotes Immediately After Direct Quotations:
If you use a source’s exact words, this is referred to as a direct quotation. You must
immediately follow it with a footnote/endnote.
For example:
Hurl-Eamon argues for the importance of studying the wives of soldiers, claiming that they
provide “a window into a much larger issue in early modern labour history.”1
If you use a quotation that is longer than a hundred words (about 8 lines), set it off from the
rest of your text as a block quotation. Block quotations begin on a new line and are indented
using the indent button. Do not put quotation marks around block quotations. Block quotations
are immediately followed by a footnote/endnote
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