HSS2342 Nutritional Determinants of Health Final Exam Review 100% correct

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HSS2342 Nutritional Determinants of Health Final Exam Review Health and Disease The Immune System  First line of defense normally deters foreign substances o Skin, mucous membranes, GI tract � ... �� Phagocytes o Scavengers of the immune system o First to arrive on scene if an invader such as a microorganism gains entry o Engulfs it  phagocytosis o Also secrete special proteins called cytokines that activate metabolic and immune responses to infection o Neutrophils and macrophages  Lymphocytes o B cells  Rapidly divide and produce antibodies  Travel through bloodstream to site of infection  Stick to surface of antigens  Make it easy for phagocytes to ingest  Antibodies are among the protein class of immunoglobulins (literally large globular proteins that produce immunity)   Antibodies react selectively  B-cells retain a memory of how to make antibodies  Consequently, immune system can respond with greater speed the next time it encounters the same foreign organism o T Cells  Travel directly to invasion site  Recognize antigens on surface of phagocyte cells  T-cells multiply in response  Release chemicals to destroy antigen  As t cells win the battle, they release signals to slow down immune response  Highly specific; each T cell can only attack one type of antigen  After winning the battle, some T cells become memory cells to combat the pathogen if they come into contact again  Actively defend body against viruses, parasites, fungi, and a few types of bacteria; they can also destroy cancer cells  In organ transplant, T cells participate in the rejection of newly transplanted tissues, which is why physicians prescribe immunosuppressant drugs after surgery  Nutrition and Immunity o Immune system responds to subtle changes in nutrition status This study source was downloaded by 100000796615030 from CourseHero.com on 06-25-2021 00:42:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/30366210/HSS2342-Nutritional-Determinants-of-Health-Final-Exam-Review3docx/ This study resource was shared via CourseHero.com  Malnutrition compromises immunity, which puts the person at risk for infectious disease  Synergistic downward spiral that must be broken for recovery to occur  Protein energy undernutrition is a result of impaired immunity o Vitamin and mineral deficiencies and excesses  Diminish the immune response o Quite simply, optimal immunity depends on optimal nutrition  Inflammation and Chronic Diseases o Immune system response to infection or injury  Acute inflammation  Phagocytes engulf microbes  Release of oxidative products to kill microbes  Inflammation fights off infection and promotes recovery  Chronic inflammation is harmful  Cells of chronically inflamed tissues produce cytokines, oxidative products, blood clotting factors, and other bioactive chemicals that sustain the inflammatory response Nutrition and Chronic Diseases  Leading cause of death in the US o Relationship with diet  Chronic diseases o Interrelationship among chronic diseases o Numerous disease associations with various nutrients o Multiple risk factors for each chronic disease  Modifiable risk factors  Nonmodifiable risk factors  Cardiovascular disease o Major cause of death around the world  Family history  Lifestyle factors  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is most common form  Usually caused by atherosclerosis o Atherosclerosis development  Accumulation of fatty streaks along inner arterial walls  Streaks enlarge and harden  Encasement in fibrous connective tissue  Plaques stiffen arteries and narrow passages  Well-developed plaques by age 30  Dietary factors  Inflammation:  Damage to cells lining the blood vessels elicits inflammatory [Show More]

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