Ohlone CollegeENVS 108Final_ 19SP ENVS-108-05_ Introduction to Environment

Final Due May 23 at 11:30pm Points 100 Questions 84 Available May 20 at 9am - May 23 at 11:30pm 4 days Time Limit 120 Minutes Instructions Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 106 minutes 96 out of 1 ...

Final Due May 23 at 11:30pm Points 100 Questions 84 Available May 20 at 9am - May 23 at 11:30pm 4 days Time Limit 120 Minutes Instructions Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 106 minutes 96 out of 100  Correct answers are hidden. Score for this quiz: 96 out of 100 Submitted May 20 at 7:59pm This attempt took 106 minutes. 1. You will have two hours (120 minutes) to complete the final 2. Prohibitive backtracking - you are prevented from changing the answer to a question that has already been submitted, you cannot go back to a skipped question, so do not skip in any questions. Questions will appear one at a time. 3. Don't forget to "submit" or hit the "next" button as you move through the final. 4. Once started, this final must be completed in one sitting. Again, don't skip questions, you cannot go back and answer them. 5. Final will cover chapters eleven - eighteen. 6. There will be questions centered around figures and scenarios - you should download and review these before you start the final - these materials are located in the module where this final is located. Question 1 1 / 1 pts A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a mineral. TrueFalse Question 2 1 / 1 pts Minerals are components of the troposphere. True False Question 3 1 / 1 pts Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within organic materials. True False Question 4 1 / 1 pts If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a metal. TrueFalse Question 5 1 / 1 pts The recent occurrence of both severe and prolonged droughts as well as floods is being worsened by global climate change. True False Incorrect Incorrect Question 6 0 / 1 pts The construction of dams more related to water quality than water quantity. True False Question 7 1 / 1 pts The decline of the polar ice caps because of increasing temperatures at the poles will decrease the largest reserve of freshwater on Earth. TrueFalse Question 8 1 / 1 pts In 1948 in Donora, Pennsylvania, the routine release of toxins into the air became a deadly fog because of a chemical spill in the nearby Monongahela River. True False Question 9 1 / 1 pts The addition of scrubbers to the smokestacks used by the Donora industries in order to remove effluents would have most likely prevented the deadly 1948 smog in Donora, PA. True False Question 10 1 / 1 pts The air you breathe into your lungs on a daily basis mostly consists of nitrogen. TrueFalse Question 11 1 / 1 pts The Maldive Islands are in immediate danger from global climate change because increased rainfall has flooded much of the agricultural land. True False Question 12 1 / 1 pts In Alaska, some coastal areas are threatened by climate change because sea ice and permafrost have melted, increasing wave action and soil instability. True False Question 13 1 / 1 pts The current situations in the Maldives, Tuvalu, and parts of coastal Alaska have raised the need to address how to make plants that generate electricity from fossil fuels more efficient. TrueFalse Question 14 1 / 1 pts The destruction of the ozone layer primarily occurs in the mesosphere. True False Question 15 1 / 1 pts Extensive shrimp fishing is most directly related to the dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico just west of the Mississippi River. True False Question 16 1 / 1 pts Increased use of ammonia as a fertilizer was recommended to mitigate the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico just west of the Mississippi River? True FalseQuestion 17 1 / 1 pts When cities dumped sewage into natural waterways with limited capacity for dilution the extra organic matter created fertile areas that attracted wildlife including migratory birds. True False Question 18 1 / 1 pts Potential environmental damage results from the harvesting of fossil fuels and their transportation and storage. True False Question 19 1 / 1 pts The oil spill that destroyed BP's Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 affected all of the following catastrophically, except agricultural production in the northern parts of the Gulf states. True FalseQuestion 20 1 / 1 pts For most of human history, and in developing countries today, the major source of energy has been wind. True False Question 21 1 / 1 pts The early Industrial Revolution primarily relied on fossil fuels to generate steam. True False Question 22 1 / 1 pts In the United States from the Civil War to World War II, the most important fuel was coal. True False Question 23 1 / 1 ptsJapan's 55 nuclear power plants are susceptible to tsunami damage because they are all located along coastlines for easy access to coolant water. True False Question 24 1 / 1 pts The consequences to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011 include Japan revising or cancelling its plans to build more nuclear power plants. True False Question 25 1 / 1 pts Compared to the generation of electricity using coal, nuclear power generates no sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide emissions. True False Incorrect Incorrect Question 26 0 / 1 ptsIf 10 percent of the energy used in the United States was renewable energy. Of that renewable energy, 17.9 percent was from wind. Therefore, how much of the total energy used in the United States was from wind? About 2% About 5% About 7% More than 10% Question 27 1 / 1 pts Compared to the use of fossil fuels, wind energy is more consistent. requires no investment. produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change. is not renewable. Question 28 1 / 1 pts In 2015, Germany has had major investments in renewable energy, and Germany has set a goal to eventually supply 80% of the nation's power through renewable energy. Which of these is the best conclusion to draw about Germany?Germany has transformed its energy policies and economic infrastructure to accommodate development of renewable energy. Germans are less concerned about global climate change than other European Union nations are. All German renewable energy development is controlled by one central federal agency. The amount and efficiency of energy produced will fail to meet public demand. Question 29 1 / 1 pts Which of the following best describes renewable energy resources? They currently supply 20% of the Earth's electricity. They contribute only 70% as much greenhouse gases as fossil fuels do. They have been largely ignored by the Obama administration. They are unsuitable for the economies of developing nations. Question 30 1 / 1 pts The U.N. and many international agencies feel a sense of urgency to make the transition to renewable energies soon, becauseof political pressure from China and the United States. projected levels of carbon dioxide levels may reach 1000 ppm by 2100 with catastrophic effects of global sea levels and climate. developing nations can afford renewable energy but not fossil fuels whose price is rising. it will take some pressure off global fossil fuel reserves and keep electricity prices low. Question 31 1 / 1 pts Today, many of the old dumps and landfills from past decades are now festering sites of toxic waste that must be fenced off and restricted. parks and recreational areas widely used by the public. being mined for the resources that were buried over several decades. deep depressions, resulting from the decay of most of the materials that were buried long ago. Question 32 1 / 1 pts Solid-waste disposal prior to 1960 was mostly about thesanitary treatment of sewage from cities and towns. safe storage of radioactive wastes. removal of topsoil contaminated by chemical spills. disposal of household and commercial garbage. Question 33 1 / 1 pts Which of the following would be included in the general definition used by the federal government to define MSW? Substances, such as gasoline, that can catch fire easily Household and restaurant garbage Substances such as ammonia and pesticides, which can injure human health Agricultural and mining residues Question 34 1 / 1 pts How is the disposal of MSW different today than it was in the 1960s? Today, MSW is much less likely to be burned. less likely to be recycled. less likely to be buried in a landfill.more likely to be dumped in the oceans. Question 35 1 / 1 pts The responsibility for the weekly collection and disposal of MSW from households largely falls under the jurisdiction of local governments. states. the federal government. international treaties. Question 36 1 / 1 pts Despite its many problems, one of the historical advantages of open burning of MSW is the generation of natural gas to warm buildings. a reduction in air pollution. a reduction in the volume of MSW. the generation of agricultural fertilizer. Question 37 1 / 1 ptsUrban sprawl typically results in narrower highways. increased commuting distances. increased population densities. decreased reliance on automobiles. Question 38 1 / 1 pts As an urban region experiences urban sprawl, the number and size of roadways decrease. number of farms and parks increase. number of shopping malls increases. reliance on public transportation increases. Question 39 1 / 1 pts In most large cities, suburban commuters might benefit from the use of light rail systems for commuting. In most cities, if commuters switched from driving to rail commuting, they would arrive at their destinations in half the time. need to travel nearly twice the distance to get to their jobs.spend more money on commuting. use fewer natural resources, especially fossil fuels, and improve air quality. Question 40 1 / 1 pts Which one of the following energy sources can rapidly generate the greatest additional power without contributing significantly to global climate change? Solar technologies Hydroelectric power Nuclear energy Geothermal energy Question 41 1 / 1 pts What event occurred in 1986 that caused a general public shift in interest in nuclear energy? Earthquakes impacting Japan's nuclear power plants. The Chernobyl nuclear accident. Global climate change due to burning fossil fuels was first well documented. Solar and wind technologies were revealed that could replace nuclear technologies.Question 42 1 / 1 pts The two highest levels of the atmosphere contain only small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and ozone. These layers are the mesosphere and thermosphere. thermosphere and stratosphere. stratosphere and troposphere. thermosphere and troposphere. Question 43 1 / 1 pts Water in the oceans may become freshwater that is available to humans through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. transpiration, purification, and precipitation. precipitation and infiltration. condensation and infiltration. Question 44 1 / 1 pts The largest reserves of freshwater on Earth are found inlakes and wetlands. rivers and groundwater. aquifers. polar ice caps and glaciers. Question 45 1 / 1 pts Most of the water on Earth is found in lakes and rivers. polar ice caps. glaciers. oceans. Question 46 1 / 1 pts Loss of part of the Earth's cryosphere will exert a positive radiative forcing effect on climate change because more of the sun's radiation will be reflected into space. ocean thermal expansion will be increased. the overall albedo of the planet will be decreased. less carbon dioxide will be absorbed from the atmosphere by plants.Question 47 1 / 1 pts Even though a tremendous amount of the sun's energy strikes the Earth every day, why doesn't the Earth overheat? Much of the heat melts rocks, forming lava deep inside the Earth. Most of the energy is used in photosynthesis to help plants grow and survive. The energy mostly is absorbed in various weather systems. The energy is ultimately radiated back to space. Question 48 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is not a renewable resource? The sun beating down on a rain forest Plants, such as bamboo and rice, growing in moist environments Oil reserves, buried deep below the surface of the ground Water flowing through a dam Question 49 1 / 1 pts Which of the following ecosystem service degradations is not a major environmental concern for sustainable development?overfishing the oceans degrading agricultural soils depleting supplies of coal cutting forests faster than they can regrow Question 50 1 / 1 pts Which of the following terms best describes the practice of environmental science? Highly specialized Integrative and interdisciplinary Abstract Theoretical Question 51 5 / 5 pts Match the following with the correct statement. Geology The study of Earth’s physi Core A dense layer at the Earth Mantle The layer surrounding theLithosphere Includes the uppermost m Plate Tectonics The movement of lithosph Partial Partial Question 52 3 / 5 pts Match the following with the correct statement. Anthropogenic Man-made versus natural Greenhouse Effect Refers speciØcally to an in Greenhouse Gases Some atmospheric gases t Global Climate Change Describes an array of cha Global Warming The warming the lower at Question 53 5 / 5 pts Match the following with the correct statement. Fresh Water Water that is relatively pu Surface WaterWater located atop Earth Aquifer An underground natural s Water Table The boundary between th Runoff Water that falls from the s Question 54 5 / 5 pts Match the following with the correct statement. Air pollutants Are gases and particulate Air pollution Refers to the release of ai Climate Describes typical pattern Weather SpeciØes atmospheric con Smog An unhealthy mixture of a Question 55 1 / 1 ptsUsing Figure 1: This bar graph tells us that ________. all the metals will be available at current prices for between 100-400 years metals are renewable resources using current technology, the prices of lead and zinc will decline in the next century if consumption rates on all metals rise, the price should come down at current rates of consumption, most metals will become scarcer and costlier Question 56 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 1: The effects of increased recycling will, other factors being equal, ________. increase the amount of economically recoverable metals increase the lifetime of economically recoverable metals cause a sharp rise in price of metals shift extraction and mining methods to technically recoverable metals result in discoveries of new metal deposits Question 57 1 / 1 ptsUsing Figure 1: The effect of rising rates of consumption of metals will ________. have no effect on price force prices lower as nations compete for limited resources make prices higher as nations complete for limited resources increase the lifetime of economically recoverable metal deposits have the smallest effect on the price of lead, zinc, and copper, but largest for titanium Question 58 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 1: Another conclusion drawn from the bar graph is that ________. our collective use of metal resources is presently unsustainable we are using metals sustainably at present after 400 years all the metals shown will have entirely disappeared from the earth neither recycling, reducing consumption, nor finding alternative materials will keep prices from rising known global reserves are increasing to keep pace with consumptionQuestion 59 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 1: The bar graph indicates that all of the metals shown will ________. eventually no longer be available, even with current technological capabilities never be exhausted all be available for at least 500 more years be easily replaced by other metals become less expensive to extract over time Question 60 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_1: As far as costs of restoration and reclamation of mining sites you recommend ________. the Afghan central government should take responsibility the U.S. military should take responsibility any corporation wishing to invest should post a bond for reclamation and hire Afghans to do the work the U.S. EPA should oversee the operation and pay for it the costs should be shared by the Afghan central government and also by the most powerful tribal leadersQuestion 61 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_1: Most of the miners are likely to be local villagers supervised by Afghan mining engineers. Compensation for workers should be ________. the same rate at which U.S. miners are paid at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security whatever the Afghan central government, in cooperation with national tribal leaders decides whatever gives the greatest corporate profit for the employer giving the money to village leaders and local tribal leaders to determine Question 62 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_1: As far as the share of corporate profits from mineral sales goes, the cut for the Afghans should be ________. a guaranteed percentage, suggested by Council, and provided to the Afghan central government with advice about spending a designated amount for national infrastructure determined by the corporate interests doing the mining set by the U.S. Dept. of Laborleft to negotiations between the corporate miners and the U.S. military worked out between the Afghan government and tribal leaders Question 63 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_1: All of the following could be sensible appointments for the UN Council, except perhaps ________. mining engineers from Afghanistan and neighboring nations experts in environmental and social justice from the Arab League of Nations regional economists without corporate ties representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations mining corporation engineers, university geologists from developed nations Question 64 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_1: A useful benefit from mining profits could be ________. permanent enclaves of foreign scientists and mine managers located near mining sitestraining for Afghan mining technicians and establishing Afghan mining institutes creation of improved roads into and around mining sites for corporate transport and mining machinery using the U.S. military to provide security at mines establishing high-end tourist hotels for visiting foreign mine executives and their familie Question 65 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 2: The pair of mallard ducks in the figure eats floating plants such as duckweed, seeds of shoreline plants, and very small organisms at or near the surface. They would be most affected by any change to the ________. littoral or limnetic zones limnetic or benthic zones littoral or benthic zones littoral or profundal zones limnetic or profundal zones Question 66 1 / 1 ptsUsing Figure 2: Frog eggs are usually attached to vegetation or rocks near the surface of a pond. Tadpoles can use essentially all areas of a shallow pond, or the top few feet of a deeper pond or lake. Adult frogs can live on land or in the water. A frog's life would be least likely to be disrupted by a change in the ________. profundal zone limnetic zone benthic zone littoral zone abyssal zone Question 67 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 2: Rooted freshwater plants cannot live below ________. the zone of demarcation the benthic zone the profundal zone the littoral zone the limnetic zone Question 68 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: Sinkholes can occur when ________.too much weight above an aquifer causes it to cave in the water level in an aquifer rises, pushing through to the surface the water in an artesian aquifer is under sufficient pressure that it breaks through to the surface excessive water use lowers a water table and weakens the substrate nonconsumptive use lowers an aquifer Question 69 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: Sinkholes are an extreme form of ________. aquifer water table subsidence artesian aquifer consumptive use Question 70 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: A serious problem that results from excessive water withdrawn from aquifers is that ________. the water tends to overflow and flood the entire areathe surrounding soils are compacted and the size of the aquifer is reduced the soils contaminate the aquifer, making it unfit for human use the aquifer increases in size, draining a larger surface area and leaving less water in rivers, streams, and lakes the aquifer decreases in size and new aquifers form Question 71 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: One reasonable way to prevent sinkholes might be to ________. install supports to maintain the shape of the underground aquifer increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater pump wastewater and sewage directly into the aquifer to maintain the water table have the local water company regularly transfer water from one local aquifer to the next, maintaining the average water level pump sand and gravel into the aquifer to fill in the bottom levels, thus raising the water tableQuestion 72 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the number of human-induced sinkholes has doubled since 1930. Insurance claims increased 1200% from 1987 to 1991, costing nearly $100 million. A major reason for this is ________. global warming increased rainfall, raising the water level roadway construction, leading to increased runoff increased water consumption through development and urbanization decreases in agriculture Question 73 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: In July of 2001, the town of Spring Hill, Florida, about 45 miles north of Tampa, had 18 sinkholes appear in a single day. The largest holes were nearly 100 feet deep. A good explanation for this is that ________. earthquakes had recently occurred, and the water table sank hurricanes had recently occurred, and the water table rose prolonged rainstorms had recently occurred, and the water table rose agriculture had increased, and the water table rose with irrigation recharge a drought had recently occurred, along with increased developmentQuestion 74 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_2: You have been hired by a small town on the Florida coast to give its residents advice about avoiding further sinkholes. You tell them that ________. if they stay here, sinkholes will occur; they should move they should limit development and recycle wastewater because sinkholes are a natural occurrence, nothing they do will help they should increase groundwater pumping pumping in ocean water will recharge the aquifer Question 75 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 3: The figure shows that ________. temperature decreases uniformly throughout the atmosphere temperature increases uniformly throughout the atmosphere ozone concentration reaches its highest level in the thermosphere peak ozone levels in the stratosphere correlates with rising temperature the mesosphere and troposphere are at the same altitude Question 76 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 3: In the troposphere ________.ozone levels decrease with altitude temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude ozone levels increase with altitude temperatures never dip below freezing warmest temperatures reflect an absence of ozone Question 77 1 / 1 pts Using Figure 3: At least for the stratosphere, ________. increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated temperature and ozone concentration are inversely correlated temperature continues to decrease with altitude as in the troposphere the average temperature is much lower than for the troposphere ozone appears to be evenly distributed at all altitudes Question 78 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_3: Part of the reason that people's eyes would sting was ________. the lead emissions from the burning trash the carbon monoxide from the burning trashthe smoke and particulates from the burning trash the excess water vapor from the burning trash the plastics and chemicals in the burning trash Question 79 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_3: In the 1950s, Los Angeles became famous for its smog. One part of the problem was ________. the increase in the number of automobiles heavy industry along the coastline natural gas leaks from wells pollution from the dams on the Colorado River dust from inland farms Question 80 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_3: One key to the puzzle of Los Angeles's smog is the fact that ________. the offshore breezes carry inland pollution to coastal Los Angeles the Hadley cell for that area drops cool air, and pollution, right over Los Angeles Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountainsincoming tides in the harbor push air pollution ahead of them there are so many rainy days, increasing the acidic deposition Question 81 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_3: The Los Angeles smog problem is made much worse by ________. the foggy climate, which leads to acidic deposition nearby mountains and the warm sunshine, which cause inversion layers the convection cells, which bring pollutants from other cities the high cloud levels, which deplete the local ozone layer the onshore breezes, which prevent pollution from dispersing Question 82 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_3: In the mid-1950s, a researcher in Los Angeles was able to create smog by setting up a large, clear chamber and using it to expose auto exhaust to sunlight. He was demonstrating ________. the cause of acidic deposition point source pollution non-point source pollution the cause of ozone depletionphotochemical reactions Question 83 1 / 1 pts Using Scenario_3: In 1958 trash collection programs were established, and backyard incinerators were banned in the hope of reducing smog. However, it was estimated that massive amounts of gasoline were evaporating from storage tanks, fuel pump nozzles, and delivery trucks. This was also considered a serious contributor to smog, and over the next 20 years several new rules, and several new devices, were put in place to alleviate it. There was still a great deal of smog, now identified as photochemical smog, despite the changes. The major remaining problem was ________. indoor pollution from new houses, with new furniture the influx of new manufacturing, with new chemicals too many coal-fired power plants along the coast the large distances traveled daily by solitary commuters insufficient city funding to improve waste dumps Question 84 1 / 1 pts Of the following, ________ is not yet regulated by the EPA. sulfur and nitrogen oxides lead carbon dioxideozone carbon monoxide Quiz Score: 96 out of 100