Definitions in Paediatrics ―ANKIT YADAVENDRA BehavioralandPsychiatricDisorders, .GynecologicProblemsofChildhood, TheFetusandtheNeonatalInfant

2. Growth, Development, and Behavior  Psychological attachment: a biologically determined tendency of a young child to seek proximity to the parent during times of stress and their parents to reestablish a sense of w ...

2. Growth, Development, and Behavior  Psychological attachment: a biologically determined tendency of a young child to seek proximity to the parent during times of stress and their parents to reestablish a sense of well-being after a stressful experience  Habituation: a basic form of learning in which repeated stimulation results in a response decrement  Surveillance: ongoing monitoring (tracking over time) ofsuch issues as parental concerns, children’s progress with milestones, psychosocial risk and resilience factors, providers’ efforts to both detect and address problems, and follow-up regarding child/family outcomes  Percentile: the percentage of individuals in the group who have achieved a certain measured quantity or a developmental milestone  Normal: 95% of a population that falls within 2 SD of themean from any given measurement11 3. Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders  Grief: a personal, emotional state of bereavement or an anticipated response to loss, such as a death  Insomnia: difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleepthat occurs despite age-appropriate time and opportunityfor sleep and results in some degree of impairment in daytime functioning for the child and/ or family (ranging from fatigue, irritability, lack of energy, and mild cognitive impairment to effects on mood, school performance, and quality of life)  Primary snoring: snoring without associated ventilatory abnormalities on overnight polysomnogram (e.g., apneas or hypopneas, hypoxemia, hypercapnia) or respiratory-related arousals, and is a manifestation of the vibrations of the oropharyngeal soft tissue walls that occur when an individual attempts to breathe against increased upper airway resistance during sleep  Parasomnias: episodic nocturnal behaviors that ofteninvolve cognitive disorientation and autonomic and skeletal muscle disturbance1 2  Restless leg/Willis Ekbom syndrome: a chronic neurologic disorder, characterized by an almost irresistible urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations in the lower extremities  Hypersomnia: a group of disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness, reduced baseline alertness, and/or prolonged nighttime sleep periods that interfere with normal daily functioning  Narcolepsy: a chronic lifelong CNS disorder, typicallypresenting in adolescence and early adulthood, that is characterized by profound daytime sleepiness and resultant significant functional impairment  Sleep attacks: irresistible state in that the child or adolescent is unable to stay awake despite considerable effort, and they occur even in the context of normally stimulating activities (e.g., during meals, in the middle ofa conversation)  Hypnogogic/Hypnopompic hallucinations: vivid visual, auditory, and sometimes tactile sensory experiences occurring during transitions between sleep and wakefulness, primarily at sleep offset (hypnopompic) and13 sleep onset (hypnogogic)  Sleep paralysis: the inability to move or speak for a few secs or mins at sleep onset or offset, and often accompanies the hallucinations  Delayed sleep phase disorder: a circadian rhythm disorder, involves a significant, persistent, and intractablephase shift in sleepwake schedule (later sleep onsetand wake time) that conflicts with the individual’s normal school, work, and/or lifestyle demands  Rumination disorder: the repeated regurgitation of food, where the regurgitated food may be rechewed, reswallowed, or spit out, for a period of ≥1 mth followinga period of normal functioning  Pica: the persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances (e.g., paper, soap, plaster, charcoal, clay, wool, ashes, paint, earth) over a period of ≥1 mth  Tourette disorder, persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic, and provisional tic disorders: disorders characterized by involuntary, rapid, repetitive, single or multiple motor1 4 and/or vocal/phonic tics that wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for >1 yr since first tic onset (<1 yr for provisional tic disorder)  Stereotypic movement disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior (stereotypy) that interferes with social, academic, or other activities that may result in selfinjury  Habit: an action or pattern of behavior that is repeated often  Anxiety disorder: pathologic anxiety in which anxiety becomes disabling, interfering with social interactions, development, and achievement of goals or quality of life,and can lead to low selfesteem, social withdrawal, and academic underachievement  Childhood-onset social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a disorder characterized by excessive anxiety in social settings (including the presence of unfamiliar peers, or unfamiliar adults) or performance situations, leading to social isolation and is associated with social scrutinyand fear of doing something embarrassing15  Panic disorder: a syndrome of recurrent, discreteepisodes of marked fear or discomfort in which patientsexperience abrupt onset of physical and psychologic symptoms called panic attacks  Obsessions: specific repetitive thoughts that invade consciousness  Compulsions: repetitive rituals or movements that are driven by anxiety  Phobia: excessive and unreasonable fear which can be cued by the presence or anticipation of the feared trigger, with anxiety symptoms occurring immediately  Systematic desensitization: a form of behavior therapy that gradually exposes the patient to the fear-inducing situation or object, while simultaneously teaching relaxation techniques for anxiety management  Post traumatic stress disorder: an anxiety disorder resulting from the long- and short-term effects of trauma that cause behavioral and physiologic sequelae1 6  Mood disorders: interrelated sets of psychiatricsymptoms characterized by a core deficit in emotional self-regulation  Major depressive disorder: a disorder characterized by a distinct period of ≥2 wk in which there is a depressed or irritable mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities that is present for most of the day, nearly every day  Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): a disorder characterized by depressed or irritable mood for more days than not, for ≥1 yr  Manic episode: a distinct period of ≥1 wk in which there is an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal- directed activity or energy that is present for most of the day,nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary)  Cyclothymic disorder: a disorder characterized by a period of ≥1 yr in which there are numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode or a major depressive episode, respectively17  Eating disorders: the disorders characterized by body dissatisfaction related to overvaluation of a thin body ideal associated with dysfunctional patterns of cognition and weightcontrol behaviors that result in significant biologic, psychological, and social complications  Anorexia nervosa: a significant overestimation of body size and shape, with a relentless pursuit of thinness that typicallycombines excessive dieting and compulsive exercising in the restrictive subtype; in the binge-purge subtype, patients might intermittently overeat and then attempt to rid themselves of calories by vomiting or taking laxatives, still with a strong drive for thinness  Bulimia nervosa: a disorder characterized by episodes of eating large amounts of food in a brief period, followed by compensatory vomiting, laxative use, and exercise or fastingto rid the body of the effects of overeating in an effort to avoid obesity  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a disorder characterised by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and a decreased ability to maintain attention  Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): a group1 8 of conditions in which food intake is restricted or avoided due to adverse feeding or eating experiences or the sensory qualities of food, resulting in significant nutritionaldeficiencies and problems with social interactions  Oppositional defiant disorder: a disorder characterized by a pattern lasting ≥6 mths of angry, irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness exhibited during interaction with ≥1 individual who is not a sibling  Intermittent explosive disorder: a disorder characterized by recurrent verbal or physical aggression that is grossly disproportionate to the provocation or to any precipitating psychosocial stressors  Conduct disorder: a disorder characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern over ≥12 mths of serious rule-violatingbehavior in which the basic rights of others or major societalnorms or rules are violated  Autism spectrum disorder: a disorder characterized by a persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior or interest