Contents
1 Organisation of the Body........................................................................ 1
2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7
...
Contents
1 Organisation of the Body........................................................................ 1
2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7
2.1 Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7
2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27
3 Measurement, Errors and Data............................................................. 35
4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43
4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43
4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52
4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis ................................................................... 61
4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles ......................................................... 69
4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................................... 79
4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93
5 Integument............................................................................................... 105
6 Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119
7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125
8 Muscles..................................................................................................... 143
9 Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161
10 Endocrine System.................................................................................... 191
11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211
12 Cardiovascular System........................................................................... 237
12.1 Blood .............................................................................................. 237
12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250
12.3 Blood Vessels ................................................................................. 262
12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274x
12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286
12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297
13 Respiratory System................................................................................. 315
13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315
13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335
14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347
14.1 Cells and Action Potential ............................................................. 347
14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy .................................................... 360
14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Reflexes .......................... 377
14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ........................................................... 389
14.4.1 Eye ................................................................................... 389
14.4.2 Ear .................................................................................... 397
15 Reproductive System .............................................................................. 405
16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves, Ultrasound
(The Physics Of) ...................................................................................... 419
16.1 Waves ............................................................................................. 419
16.2 Light Waves ................................................................................... 424
16.3 Sound ............................................................................................. 429
16.4 Ultrasound ...................................................................................... 432
17 Ionising Radiation................................................................................... 437
17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation ............................................... 437
17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine,
Radiation Safety ............................................................................. 445
18 Electricity................................................................................................. 465
19 Biomechanics........................................................................................... 475
20 Energy and Heat ..................................................................................... 493
Contents© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 1
M. Caon, Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and
Physiology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2332-3_1
Chapter 1
Organisation of the Body
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