Exam #3 Study Guide
Respiratory
Structures of pulmonary system – NOT ON STUDY GUIDE
• Lobes (3 on right, 2 on left) - segments – lobules
• Blood vessels serve the pulmonary system
• Chest wall/thoracic cage
•
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Exam #3 Study Guide
Respiratory
Structures of pulmonary system – NOT ON STUDY GUIDE
• Lobes (3 on right, 2 on left) - segments – lobules
• Blood vessels serve the pulmonary system
• Chest wall/thoracic cage
• Diaphragm: involved in ventilation – dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Mediastinum: space between lungs containing heart, great vessels, and esophagus
• Conducting airways
o Upper airways: warms and humifies air
Nasopharynx and oropharynx
o Larynx: connects upper and lower airways
o Lower airways
Trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
• Carina: ridge where the trachea divides into the right and left bronchi
• Hila: where the right and left bronchi enter the lungs, along with blood and lymph vessels
• Goblet cells: produce mucus
• Cilia: hair-like structures – work with goblet cells to propel foreign material up and enable it to be coughed up
• Pleura: serous membrane – adheres firmly to the lungs and folds over itself
o Visceral: covering the lungs; Parietal: lining the thoracic cavity
o Pleural space: fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces allowing them to slide over each other
Pressure in pleural space: negative (-4 to –10); keeps lungs from collapsing
Inspiration – chest cage pulled outward on lungs creates greater negative pressure Understand basic structure and function of alveoli
• Gas exchange airways: acinus - “berry”
o Respiratory bronchioles
o Alveolar ducts
o Alveoli
Primary gas exchange units
Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed
Epithelial cells
• Type 1 alveolar cells: provide alveolar structure
• Type 2 alveolar cells: surfactant production – prevents lung collapse
Contain alveolar macrophages: ingest foreign material and remove it through lymphatic system Surfactant – its function and where it comes from
• Detergent like substance secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells in lungs
• Keeps alveoli open and free of fluid and pathogens (collectins)
• Decrease surface tension by blocking H20 and H+ binding in alveolar space – prevents collapse – allow airflow in more easily
Understand the mechanics of the pulmonary circulation and how it relates to systemic circulation
• Pulmonary circulation functions:
o Facilitate gas exchange
o Deliver nutrients to lung tissue
o Acts as a blood reservoir for the left ventricle
o Serves as a filtering system that removes clots, air, and other debris from the circulation
o Pulmonary system pressure is 18 mmHg compared to systemic circulation of 90 mmHg
o Gas exchange airways are served by the pulmonary circulation
Low pressure system, high flow – Supplies venous blood from all parts of the body to the alveolar capillaries where O2 is added and CO is removed; contains 100% of CO
o Bronchi and other lung structures are served by systemic circulation – bronchial circulation
High pressure system, low flow – supplies blood to trachea, bronchial tree, bronchioles, and out coats (adventia) of pulmonary arteries and veins; contains 1-3% of CO
• Pulmonary circulation
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