Women_s_health_exam_study_guide

• Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) has multiple causes. When a woman presents and reports menstrual irregularity with amenorrhea, which is the most common cause of amenorrhea? Ectopic pregnancy Adenomyosis Coagulopat ...

• Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) has multiple causes. When a woman presents and reports menstrual irregularity with amenorrhea, which is the most common cause of amenorrhea? Ectopic pregnancy Adenomyosis Coagulopathy Anovulation • The Tanner scale of sexual maturity rating allows for accurate classification of physical pubertal maturation. During the examination of your patient, you notice that the pubic hair is increased in quantity, is darker, and is present in the typical female triangle but in a smaller quantity. Which of the following Tanner stages does this description meet? Tanner stage I Tanner stage II Tanner stage III Tanner stage IV • A twenty-five-year-old patient presents with urinary frequency and urgency. These symptoms have been occurring for three days without fever. A patient with interstitial cystitis would most likely describe their symptoms as _______. urinary urgency and frequency in the morning and at night pain with urination with scant bleeding terminal dysuria urinary urgency only • The most common cause of chronic pelvic pain for women in the prime of their reproductive years isPID Fibroids CORRECT Endometriosis Endometritis • A fifty-two-year-old female patient comes in for her annual well-woman examination. Her LMP was fourteen months ago without any breakthrough bleeding. She has also developed some hirsutism. You would document this as __. secondary amenorrhea menopause perimenopause polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) • Polycystic ovaries predispose women to a higher incidence of: Adrenal tumors Ovarian cancer Endometrial cancer Endometriosis • A definitive diagnosis of endometriosis cannot be made until which of these is completed? CT scan Transvaginal ultrasound Exploratory laparoscopy MRI • After a thorough history, you note that Marie resides in a community with very high risk factors. These include poverty, violence, and lack of recreational facilities. She tells you that she “hangs out” at a convenience store near the apartment complex she lives at with her mother.“All the group hangs there,” she reports proudly. She shares that she has been menstruating for two years now although she has irregular cycles. She also lets you know that she has had coitus only one time and that he “pulled out.” She does not want to get pregnant, and this is why she is here today. What is your management plan for Marie today? Student Answer: CORRECT You will assess all predisposing factors that lead to premarital sex and the negative consequences, tell Marie to be careful, and prescribe birth-control pills. CORRECT One by one, you will plan to carefully address the risks (red flags) in Marie’s history. Your goal will be to clarify and address misconceptions, as well as share valuable sex education in a sensitive, nonjudgmental way. You will let her know you are her advocate and are very protective of her health. Without preaching, you want her to be aware of the negative possibilities of premarital, unprotected sexual activities. You will also share a clear understanding of the risk of STIs with Marie. CORRECT After processing all of the history Marie has shared, you will write a referral for psychiatric evaluation and tell her she needs ongoing counseling for her behavior at such a young age and she likely needs to learn to cope within her environment (home and community). CORRECT Your goal is to include healthy sexual-health decision making, including decisions regarding abstinence, birthcontrol efficacy and choice, and condom use. Depending on the need, you may include a referral to an effective program for teens (for example, a program that deals with STI prevention and or a family-based intervention program if available). • A well-woman visit for an adolescent should include which of the following? A general health history and physical examination, including a breast examination, pelvic with Pap smear, screening tests, counseling, immunizations, risk factors, and patient concerns A general health history focusing on reproductive and sexual health concerns (menses, gynecologic, and pregnancy related) and psychosocial (family related, peer related, emotional, and physical as well as related to abuse, drug use, and alcohol use) concerns Physical exam, screening tests, and immunizations as indicated by the health history and gynecologic considerations for an external-only inspection of the genitalia CORRECT Both b and c • A seventeen-year-old presents with an appointment for unilateral breast tenderness and swelling. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology for this problem?Breast cancer Mastitis Fibrocystic breast Fibroadenoma • You are completing a pelvic exam on thirty-two-year-old Nancy. You detect a left adnexal mass on the bimanual exam. With an adnexal mass, the practitioner must always suspect ________ until proven otherwise. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Malignancy Pregnancy Polycystic ovary disease X • Majority of urinary tract infections do not require consultation or a referral to a specialist and are routinely treated in primary care practices. Which of the following scenarios would indicate that a consultation or referral is indicated? The presence of secondary sexually transmitted illness A patient with two episodes occurring in one year Patients that remain symptomatic after three days of treatment Patients that show urine human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) positive • . Long-acting progestins may be used in patients as a contraceptive method. One of the longacting progestins is Depo-Provera. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of long-acting progestins in contraception? Decrease in cervical mucus production and thinning of the circle os Thickening of cervical mucus and suppression of gonadotropin levels Increased gonadotropin levels and thinning of the circle os Anovulation caused by increased gonadotropin levels• Iris is a thirty-two-year-old married woman with three children. She comes in for information on using the copper T intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception. Which of the following would be a contraindication to using this appliance? Prior ectopic pregnancy • TeYou are counseling an eleven-year-old girl, Amanda, and her mother about human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV), Gardasil. Amanda is Tanner stage IV at this visit. In counseling this family, you tell them that HPV vaccine ______. is a series of three doses, six months apart will protect Amanda from all strains of HPV can cause seizures in some children is not indicated in her age group as she is not yet sexually active • Urinary tract infections are commonly seen in primary care. A twenty-five-year-old female presents with a new onset of dysuria and suprapubic pain for the last twenty-four hours. The examination reveals only mild tenderness without any peritoneal signs on the lower abdomen. A urinalysis reveals the presence of WBCs. The urine is sent for a culture and sensitivity. In addition to Escherichia coli one might typically expect to see the presence of which bacterium? Klebsiella Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus saprophyticus Pseudomonas • Which of the following conditions is not an absolute contraindication to estrogen-containing contraception?Migraine headaches Hypercoagulable state Thromboembolism History of coronary artery diseaseDefinition • Natasha is an eleven-year-old girl brought to your office for an annual well-child visit. When discussing the onset of puberty with Natasha and her mother, you would emphasize which of the following? Breast buds develop before pubic hair. Breast development delayed beyond twelve years of age may be considered pathological. The average age of menarche is nine years. It usually takes about three and half years to go from breast buds to menarche. • A woman is experiencing a milky white nipple discharge. Galactorrhea is usually a finding with which other diagnosis? Fibrocystic breast disease Mastalgia Hyperprolactinemia Breast cancer • You are completing a pelvic exam on thirty-two-year-old Nancy. You detect a left adnexal mass on the bimanual exam. With an adnexal mass, the practitioner must always suspect ________ until proven otherwise. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Malignancy Pregnancy Polycystic ovary disease XA nurse practitioner is educating a patient who has just been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). She needs to be aware that PCOS is associated with which of the following clinical manifestations? Excessive menstrual flow Dry, flaking skin Obesity Hair loss Anticholinergic medications are a type of treatment for which type of incontinence? Urge incontinence sixty-five-year-old obese female with type II diabetes mellitus presents to your office with a complaint of vaginal itching and burning for two weeks. She has not been sexually active for five years. She has tried douching with an OTC cream with no relief. On physical examination, the vulva is deep red with some thick white adherent material. Which of the following conditions would be the most likely cause of her symptoms? Herpes simplex Lichen planus Atrophic vaginitis Fungal infection One important principle of antiretroviral therapy is Response to drug therapy is monitored by HIV RNA levels. A thirty-two-year-old woman presents to your practice with a chief complaint of postcoital bleeding. Which of the following would not be included in the initial assessment of this patient? pap Question 100. Question : The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined absolute contraindications to estrogen containing contraceptives. Which of the following is not an absolute contraindication? Student Answer: History of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) CORRECT Greater than age of thirty-five years Hypertension with vascular disease INCORRECT Active viral hepatitis A twenty-five-year-old patient presents with irregular bleeding after being on oral contraceptives for six months. It is important to rule out which of the following? Chlamydial cervicitis Uterine fibroidsEndometriosis Anovulation patient is completing a diary of her premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. The nurse practitioner understands that PMS occurs with greatest frequency and severity in the luteal phase A nurse practitioner instructor is reviewing the anatomy of the external genitalia. At the opening of the vagina are the Bartholin's glands. Which of the following describes the function of these glands? Student Answer: Hormone production for ovulation CORRECT Production of alkaline secretion for sperm viability Development of mucous plug for pregnancy Maintenance of vaginal pH to prevent vaginitis Bartholin's glands There are several phases to the menstrual cycle. What phase begins with menses cessation and ends with ovulation? Student Answer: Ovulatory phase CORRECT Follicular phase Proliferative phase INCORRECT Luteal phase The most common cause of pelvic pain can be noted as endometriosis. But you also know that the most acute causes of pelvic pain are probably Salpingo-oophoritis (fallopian tube/ovary) secondary to PID A nurse practitioner is participating in a sexual education class for children in middle school. Which of the following is important to review as a nonprotective factor against repeat adolescent pregnancy? Student Answer: Use of effective contraception Participation in specialized adolescent parent program CORRECT Continued sexual relationship with the same partner INCORRECT Continued school attendance A teenage patient presents with amenorrhea and normal secondary sex characteristics. A progesterone challenge is ordered. The purpose is to determine the presence of ______. Student Answer: prolactin INCORRECT luteinizing hormone (LH) CORRECT endogenous estrogen follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)A thirty-nine-year-old female has just completed a course of Amoxicillin for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Her LMP was two weeks ago and reports that it was normal for her. On physical examination, there is some erythema of the external genitalia with a small amount of white discharge. The microscopic wet prep examination reveals few clue cells but an abundance of budding hyphae. There are no WBCs present. Considering the differential diagnoses and results of the microscopic examination, which of the following would be the most appropriate treatment? Student Answer: Metronidazole 500 mg BID for seven days OTC hydrocortisone 1% cream TID CORRECT Fluconazole tablets 150 mg as a onetime dose Erythromycin 500 mg TID for ten days Which of the following is true regarding education of a forty-two-year-old woman diagnosed with uterine myoma? Student Answer: Myomas usually does not resolve with menopause. CORRECT Myomas will decrease with the withdrawal of estrogen. Hysterectomy is the treatment of choice. Myomas are never responsible for uterine bleeding. A nurse practitioner is completing a social and medical history of a patient. Which of the following characteristics places her at risk for early menopause? Student Answer: Overweight (BMI 26-29) CORRECT Current smoker INCORRECT Early menarche Nulliparity You are performing an annual well visit on a prepubescent female. Which of the following hormonal changes best describes the fluctuations during this time? Student Answer: A decrease in adrenal cortex androgens INCORRECT The initiation of secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) CORRECT An increase of adrenal cortex androgens between six and eight years of age Elevation of estrogen levels at eight years of age A twenty-one-year-old patient presents with symptoms of lower urinary tract infection, including dysuria, frequency, and urgency. The urinalysis reveals the presence of leukocytes but is negative for nitrates. This most likely represents ______. Student Answer: vaginitis CORRECT specimen contaminationsexually transmitted disease INCORRECT interstitial cystitis A patient has a prescription that was written for birth control pills that now has progestin added to the estrogen therapy. What would this intervention decrease the risk of? Student Answer: Fibrocystic breast disease Amenorrhea CORRECT Endometrial cancer Osteoarthritis A nurse practitioner is reviewing the chart of a woman who has findings consistent with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).The diagnostic criteria for PCOS include all of the following except: Student Answer: irregular menstrual cycles hyperandrogenism infertility CORRECT male pattern baldness Breast tissue is composed of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue and a complex lymphatic system. Where does lymph from the medial cutaneous area of the breast flow? Student Answer: Axillary nodes CORRECT Opposite breast Mammary nodes Infraclavicular nodes A thirty-three-year-old woman presents to your clinic complaining of a dark brown, watery vaginal discharge and postcoital bleeding. There is a strong history of multiple unprotected sexual encounters. Which of the following findings on examination would be suspicious for cervical cancer? Student Answer: INCORRECT Ulcerated lesion on the cervical os A soft, pink cervix with no ulcerations An anteverted cervix CORRECT A very firm, easily friable cervix A fifteen-year-old patient who presents with symptoms consistent with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is concerned that she may have ovarian cancer. Your best advice to this patient is that PMS is typically caused by which of the following? Student Answer: Polycystic ovarian disease Pituitary tumorCORRECT Genetic, psychosocial, and hormonal fluctuations Psychosocial issues and sleep disturbance It is known that a woman who is menopausal has an increased risk of heart disease. Which of the following lipid changes occur with estrogen withdrawal in menopause? Student Answer: Decrease in HDL, LDL, and triglycerides Decrease in HDL, LDL, and increase in triglycerides Increase in HDL with a decrease in LDL and triglycerides CORRECT Decrease in HDL with an increase in LDL and triglycerides Which of the following is an approved treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)? Student Answer: Amitriptyline (Elavil) Spironolactone (Aldactone) CORRECT Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol/levomefolate calcium (Beyaz) Conjugated estrogen (Premarin) A patient has symptoms consistent with Chlamydia. Which laboratory test would aid in the diagnosis? Student Answer: Detecting the presence of inflammatory cells on a Pap smear INCORRECT Tissue examination using direct fluorescent antibody CORRECT Culture and sensitivity Wet prep with potassium hydroxide (KOH) assessing for positive “whiff” test A nurse practitioner is counseling a woman with fibrocystic changes in the breast. Which of the following is not caused by this change? Student Answer: Breast pain CORRECT An increased risk of breast cancer Hard masses Painless lumps A patient is coming to the clinic for a follow-up of some diagnostic testing that she had done. When you review the chart, you find that she now has findings consistent with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).You recall that PCOS is characterized by which of the following? Student Answer: Menorrhagia CORRECT Infertility Menometrorrhagia Hypoadrogenism A twenty-five-year-old pregnant client presents with a complaint of headaches that are confined to the base of the head as well as the upper neck and feels “tight” in nature. She denies visual changes,photophobia, or nausea. The most likely diagnosis is which type of headache? Student Answer: Common migraine Cluster CORRECT Muscular tension Sinus A nurse practitioner is caring for a woman with primary and secondary amenorrhea. The pelvic exam was normal. Which of the following may be the cause if etiology originates in the hypothalamus? Student Answer: CORRECT Sheehan's syndrome Ovarian failure INCORRECT Thyroid dysfunction Asherman's syndrome You are examining a twenty-nine-year-old female with a three day history of dysuria and urinary frequency. On examination, the patient has mild abdominal pain with palpation in the umbilical area without rebound tenderness. Her test for cerebrovascular accident (CVA) tenderness is negative. This most likely represents which of the following? Student Answer: Pyelonephritis INCORRECT Interstitial cystitis Ectopic pregnancy CORRECT Ascending urinary tract infection A thirty-five-year-old female presents with perimenopausal symptoms. You recall that this may begin during which age group? Student Answer: INCORRECT Forty-five to fifty years CORRECT Thirty-five to forty years Fifty to fifty-five years Thirty to thirty-five years Points Received: A woman has been prescribed Depo-Provera injections every three months for contraception. What would be the most likely side effect that she would need to be educated about? Student Answer: CORRECT Abnormal uterine bleeding Dysmenorrhea Nausea INCORRECT Abdominal pain A woman has been prescribed Depo-Provera injections every three months for contraception. Whatwould be the most likely side effect that she would need to be educated about? Student Answer: CORRECT Abnormal uterine bleeding Dysmenorrhea Nausea INCORRECT Abdominal pain A twenty-four-year-old female presents to the practice with a painless 2 cm, lobular mass in the right breast that is freely mobile and firm. This has been noted on self-breast examination, and she reports it has been unchanged for the past three months. The best course of action by the nurse practitioner would be to __________. Student Answer: CORRECT order a mammogram referral for surgical excision continue to observe the lesion and recheck in three months INCORRECT determine other risk factors such as family history of breast cancer Which of the following choices represents a disorder of the reproductive tract that causes pain, erythema, dyspareunia, and a perineal mass? Student Answer: Syphilis CORRECT Bartholin’s cyst Labial adhesion Herpes simplex type 2 Te A twenty-four-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. Which of the following medications would be used as a first line to help control her symptoms? Student Answer: Antianxiety agents Progesterone-only contraception Oral steroids CORRECT Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsrm Changes in hormonal regulation during menopause result in the gradual cessation of menstruation. From which gland is Androstenedione secreted? Student Answer: Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Corpus Luteum CORRECT Adrenals A postmenopausal woman is concerned because she is having postcoital bleeding. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology? Student Answer: Cervical cancerEndometrial cancer CORRECT Atrophic vaginitis Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) A fifty-five-year-old woman presents to the clinic for evaluation of a breast mass. Which of the following is not a typical presenting sign of breast cancer? Student Answer: Engorgement of one areola and nipple Dimpling of skin over breast Unilateral retraction and deviation of nipple CORRECT A 2 cm, rubbery, tender lesion A thirty-two-year-old patient comes in for a workup of infertility. During the history, the nurse practitioner suspects that the patient may be experiencing anovulatory cycles. In order to confirm ovulation, which of the following tests would be most appropriate to order? Student Answer: Endometrial biopsy CORRECT Basal body temperature INCORRECT Hysterosalpingogram Postcoital testing A seventeen-year-old female patient presents with amenorrhea for four months. She did experience menarche at the age of fifteen but had not had a menstrual cycle since. On physical examination, it is noted that she has normal secondary sexual characteristics. The nurse practitioner will consider a progesterone challenge to determine the presence of adequate __. Student Answer: CORRECT endogenous estrogen prolactin L-thyroxine INCORRECT follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) A couple is presenting for a first trimester pregnancy exam. They are curious about the sex of the baby. You recall that the human embryo becomes bipotential at what week of gestation? Student Answer: INCORRECT Sixth Tenth Twelfth CORRECT Eighth A sixteen-year-old girl who comes to your office with a history of secondary amenorrhea. She experienced menarche at age ten, with regular cycles for two years. She has not menstruated now for four years. In your initial consideration of differential diagnoses, what is the most frequent etiology of this problem? Student Answer: CORRECT Eating disorder PregnancyAnovulatory cycles INCORRECT Stress A forty-four-year-old woman with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) presents for treatment. Which of the following medications can be used for management of DUB? Student Answer: Ethinyl estradiol CORRECT Medroxyprogesterone Estrogen/progesterone combination Conjugated estrogen A patient is completing a diary of her premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. The nurse practitioner understands that PMS occurs with greatest frequency and severity in the ____. Student Answer: CORRECT late luteal phase midfollicular phase proliferative phase early luteal phase The onset and duration of puberty varies greatly from patient to patient and is also dependent upon race. Which of the following phrases can you expect to have the earlier onset of puberty in boys? Student Answer: CORRECT African American boys Native American boys Caucasian boys Hispanic boys Oral contraceptive agents may contain both progesterone and estrogen. The progesterone component of the oral contraceptive produces which the following effects? Student Answer: INCORRECT Decrease in luteinizing hormone (LH) CORRECT Cervical mucus production Increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Thinning of the cervical os During pregnancy and lactation, the nutritional needs of the woman are increased with deficiencies resulting in harm to the woman or her baby. Neural tube defects are one of the most common birth defects. Deficiency of which nutrient is responsible for these conditions? Student Answer: Vitamin C CORRECT Folic acid INCORRECT Vitamin B12 RiboflavinDuring a community education program, a nurse practitioner is discussing the usefulness of mammography in the screening and detection of breast cancer. Which of the following statements is accurate? Student Answer: A mammogram should be done if there is any breast pain or nipple retraction. CORRECT All women over forty years of age should have a mammogram on an annual basis. A mammography should be done annually for all women of child-bearing age. Mammograms should be performed annually after the initial pregnancy, especially if the woman does not breast-feed. A twenty-five-year-old patient presents with irregular bleeding after being on oral contraceptives for six months. It is important to rule out which of the following? Student Answer: CORRECT Chlamydial cervicitis INCORRECT Uterine fibroids Endometriosis Anovulation The National Osteoporosis Foundation has screening guidelines for DEXA scans. Which of the following women would be most in need of bone mineral density testing? Student Answer: A sixty-year-old postmenopausal woman receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) A fifty-year-old woman who is having irregular menstrual cycles CORRECT A fifty-one-year-old woman with COPD on long-term corticosteroid therapy A forty-nine-year-old, obese Caucasian woman who smokes A patient asks why she needs a breast ultrasound when she already has had a mammogram. Which of the following would be the best response of the use? Student Answer: To locate small lesions prior to surgery As a screening test for breast cancer CORRECT To determine if a breast lesion is cystic or solid For definitive diagnosis of breast cancer A thirty-one-year-old female presents for contraceptive counseling following the birth of their first child. She is interested in using the diaphragm as her method of contraception. Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of this device? Student Answer: INCORRECT The device may be inserted up to twenty-four hours prior to intercourse. The device may be left in place for up to twelve hours.CORRECT The device may be inserted at any time up to six hours prior to intercourse. The device should be removed within one hour after intercourse. In reviewing cancer statistics, after breast cancer, what would you find to be the most common female genital malignancy? Student Answer: CORRECT Endometrial Ovarian Vulvovaginal INCORRECT Cervical A twenty-four-year-old female presents to the office with a complaint of vaginal itching in addition to thick mucoid discharge. She also has some mild urinary discomfort. A wet mount preparation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) reveals a negative whiff test and few clue cells. There were no trichomonads visualized but the WBCs were too numerous to count. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis in this patient? Student Answer: Bacterial vaginosis Herpes simplex CORRECT Chlamydia Cystitis with cervicitis A woman is concerned that she may develop breast cancer. Which of the following is not an associated risk factor for this? Student Answer: CORRECT Late menarche Family history Nulliparity INCORRECT Late menopause Breast masses are a common finding in adolescents and most typically are benign. Which of the following descriptions of a breast mass most likely represents a benign finding? Student Answer: CORRECT Bilateral, round, or oval firm mass Unilateral, round mass with hard consistency Bilateral, round, or oval for mass with dimpling of the nipple Multiple unilateral masses with hard consistency found in the axilla Which of the following statements best describe the difference between type I and type II bone loss in patients with osteoporosis? Student Answer: Type II bone loss involves the trabecular compartment Type II bone loss results from loss of ovarian functionType I bone loss involves the cortical bone CORRECT Type I bone loss results from loss of ovarian function A thirty-two-year-old woman presents to your practice with a chief complaint of postcoital bleeding. Which of the following would not be included in the initial assessment of this patient? Student Answer: INCORRECT Papanicolaou smear CORRECT Uterine biopsy Pelvic ultrasound CBC with diff A nurse practitioner is performing a wet mount with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to assist with a diagnosis in a woman experiencing vaginal discharge. Which of the following would this confirm? Student Answer: Herpes simplex Trichomonas CORRECT Candidiasis INCORRECT Chlamydia A sixty-five-year-old obese female with type II diabetes mellitus presents to your office with a complaint of vaginal itching and burning for two weeks. She has not been sexually active for five years. She has tried douching with an OTC cream with no relief. On physical examination, the vulva is deep red with some thick white adherent material. Which of the following conditions would be the most likely cause of her symptoms? Student Answer: Herpes simplex Lichen planus INCORRECT Atrophic vaginitis CORRECT Fungal infection A nurse practitioner is educating a patient who has just been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). She needs to be aware that PCOS is associated with which of the following clinical manifestations? Student Answer: Excessive menstrual flow Dry, flaking skin CORRECT Obesity Hair loss A twenty-eight-year-old female presents with breast tenderness, fatigue, abdominal bloating, fluid retention, and irritability one week prior to the onset of her menses. The nurse practitioner suspects the patient may have premenstrual syndrome (PMS). What is the most important information to obtain from this patient to make the determination?Student Answer: Severity of symptoms CORRECT Occurrence of symptoms in the menstrual cycle INCORRECT Frequency and number of symptoms over the past four months Presence or absence of depression or anxiety A woman is experiencing a milky white nipple discharge. Galactorrhea is usually a finding with which other diagnosis? Student Answer: Fibrocystic breast disease Mastalgia CORRECT Hyperprolactinemia Breast cancer Natasha is an eleven-year-old girl brought to your office for an annual well-child visit. When discussing the onset of puberty with Natasha and her mother, you would emphasize which of the following? Student Answer: CORRECT Breast buds develop before pubic hair. Breast development delayed beyond twelve years of age may be considered pathological. The average age of menarche is nine years. It usually takes about three and half years to go from breast buds to menarche. Which of the following conditions is not an absolute contraindication to estrogen-containing contraception? Student Answer: CORRECT Migraine headaches Hypercoagulable state Thromboembolism History of coronary artery disease A thirty-six-year-old type I diabetic patient is considering starting on an oral contraceptive method. She is on both insulin and oral antidiabetic agents. The patient should be informed that ____. Student Answer: oral contraception is contraindicated in diabetic patients a common side effect is hyperglycemia INCORRECT hypoglycemic effects may be antagonized CORRECT an increase in insulin dosing may be recommended A twenty-five-year-old patient is on oral contraception and comes in with an elevated blood pressure after being on the medication for six months. Prior to the initiation of the medication, the patient's blood pressure had been within normal limits. The patient should be advised that ____. Student Answer: most likely the oral contraceptive is not causing the blood pressure elevation CORRECT approximately over 3% oral contraceptive users develop hypertensionINCORRECT most likely progesterone is causing blood pressure elevation blood pressure elevation results from fluid retention A forty-one-year-old patient is currently on griseofulvin for the treatment of onychomycosis. As an advanced practice nurse, you would advise the patient that this medication has the potential for which of the following? Student Answer: Increase estrogen secretion CORRECT Decrease steroid levels INCORRECT Increase follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion Decrease progesterone secretion A twenty-two-year-old female presents with an initial onset of herpes simplex on the external genitalia. During the patient education, which of the following statements is most important to include? Student Answer: Cesarean section will be necessary for any pregnancy and delivery. INCORRECT Antiviral medications will be useful in treating and curing an outbreak. The sexual partner will not contract herpes if lesions are not present. CORRECT Symptoms of the initial outbreak of the lesions are typically worse than subsequent outbreaks. When educating patients about the use of combination oral contraceptive medications, they should be advised that pregnancy is prevented primarily by ____________. Student Answer: cervical mucus thinning inflammation of the endometrium CORRECT ovulation suppression decreased fallopian tube motility Urinary tract infections are commonly seen in primary care. A twenty-five-year-old female presents with a new onset of dysuria and suprapubic pain for the last twenty-four hours. The examination reveals only mild tenderness without any peritoneal signs on the lower abdomen. A urinalysis reveals the presence of WBCs. The urine is sent for a culture and sensitivity. In addition to Escherichia coli one might typically expect to see the presence of which bacterium? Student Answer: Klebsiella Staphylococcus aureus CORRECT Staphylococcus saprophyticus Pseudomonas A female patient is concerned about using combination oral contraception that includes both estrogen and progesterone. You instruct her that the medication actually will decrease risks of which of the following cancers?Student Answer: CORRECT Endometrial Breast Cervical INCORRECT Ovarian Adolescence sexuality is important to understand and to discuss with your patients. Sexual behavior begins with childhood curiosity. Based upon the following characteristics, you would define your patient in which level of adolescence: low physical and mental investment in sexuality, information gathering on the topic of sexuality, prepubertal appearance and masturbation. Student Answer: CORRECT Preadolescence INCORRECT Early adolescence Middle adolescence Late adolescence A woman is completing a symptom diary of her symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In which of the following phases would the problems most likely appear? Student Answer: Ovulatory Follicular Proliferative CORRECT Late luteal You are counseling an eleven-year-old girl, Amanda, and her mother about human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV), Gardasil. Amanda is Tanner stage IV at this visit. In counseling this family, you tell them that HPV vaccine ______. Student Answer: CORRECT is a series of three doses, six months apart INCORRECT will protect Amanda from all strains of HPV can cause seizures in some children is not indicated in her age group as she is not yet sexually active Gynecomastia or breast development in males is a common issue in clinical practice. Which of the following statements defines Gynecomastia most accurately? Student Answer: It is always unilateral. CORRECT Onset coincides with the start of puberty. Illegal drug use is rarely a cause. An endocrine workup should be instituted in all cases. A school nurse is reviewing a female student’s records regarding presence of the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV). Which of the following statements most clearly represents the current guidelines with respect to immunization against HPV?Student Answer: The vaccine targets HPV types 19 and 21. The HPV vaccine should be given as early as age eight. HPV immunization should be given after initial sexual contact. CORRECT The HPV vaccine is initiated at ages eleven or twelve. A nurse practitioner has just completed education with a female adolescent about intrauterine contraceptive devices. Which of the following statements by the patient would suggest that further education is needed? Student Answer: They are only indicated for women with stable monogamous relationships. It is not commonly used for nulliparous women as there are better options. INCORRECT They are contraindicated in women with a past history of pelvic inflammatory disease. CORRECT They may be used by a woman who has had a previous ectopic pregnancy. Anna, aged twenty-five years, presents with dysmenorrhea. She states that her sister and her mother have endometriosis and she would like to be evaluated for it as well. Which if the following is consistent with a diagnosis of endometriosis? Student Answer: Frequent episodes of bacterial vaginosis Postcoital bleeding with malodorous discharge CORRECT Infertility and dysmenorrhea Constipation and amenorrhea Points Received: Long-acting progestins may be used in patients as a contraceptive method. One of the long-acting progestins is Depo-Provera. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of longacting progestins in contraception? Student Answer: Decrease in cervical mucus production and thinning of the circle os CORRECT Thickening of cervical mucus and suppression of gonadotropin levels Increased gonadotropin levels and thinning of the circle os Anovulation caused by increased gonadotropin levels The ovaries are located near the pelvic wall at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine. Which layer of the ovaries contains the lymphatics and blood vessels? Student Answer: Endometrium CORRECT Central medulla Cuboidal epithelium Ovarian stroma A female child presents for a well-child exam. Her mother is concerned about changes in her daughter’s body, which indicate to you precocious puberty. Which of the following findings would be consistent with this diagnosis?Student Answer: Delay in any of the Tanner stages takes longer than one year between stages Breast budding occurs after the development of pubic hair CORRECT Puberty starts before eight years of age in a female The growth spurt in a female occurs after puberty is complete fifty-one-year-old postmenopausal patient presents with renewed onset of vaginal bleeding. She had not menstruated for more than one year. Physical examination, including abdominal and pelvic examination appears grossly normal. Your initial treatment for this patient would include which of the following? Student Answer: Observe the patient and have her return of the bleeding continues Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 to 10 mg daily to control bleeding Monophasic oral contraceptives for three months and then reassess CORRECT Referral to a gynecologist for consideration for endometrial biopsy A nurse practitioner is educating a pregnant female about breast changes. Common normal physiologic changes include all of the following except: Student Answer: Development of straie CORRECT Fibrocystic changes Nipple pigmentation Venous engorgement You are instructing a patient in the proper use of the diaphragm, a barrier contraceptive method. Which of the following would you include in your instructions? Student Answer: The diaphragm should be removed within two hours after intercourse. INCORRECT The diaphragm may be inserted up to twelve hours prior to intercourse. CORRECT The diaphragm is more effective when used with spermicidal jelly. Douching is safe immediately upon removal of the diaphragm. When educating a patient about the rationale for obtaining a mammogram, which of the following statements is false? Student Answer: Mammography is a cost-effective method to screen for breast cancer CORRECT Mammography detects all breast cancers INCORRECT Mammography should be accompanied by breast examination Negative mammography should not delay biopsy of a clinically suspicious mass TA nurse practitioner is completing a speculum exam on a female patient. Which of the following findings would be considered a normal surface characteristic of the cervix? Student Answer: CORRECT Small, yellow, raised around area on the cervix Friable, bleeding tissue opening of the cervical os INCORRECT Red patch areas with occasional white spots Irregular, granular surface with red patchesermMajority of urinary tract infections do not require consultation or a referral to a specialist and are routinely treated in primary care practices. Which of the following scenarios would indicate that a consultation or referral is indicated? Student Answer: The presence of secondary sexually transmitted illness A patient with two episodes occurring in one year CORRECT Patients that remain symptomatic after three days of treatment INCORRECT Patients that show urine human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) positive A twenty-five-year-old female presents with vaginal irritation and discharge. On examination, the cervix is easily friable and erythematous. There is no adnexal tenderness. The wet prep microscopic examination reveals mobile protozoa on the normal saline slide. This most likely represents _________. Student Answer: CORRECT trichomonas mucopurulent cervicitis bacterial vaginosis gonorrhea A thirty-five-year-old female presents for her normal annual examination and complains of recent changes in her breasts. She reports that they feel tender and “lumpy” during certain times of the month. As a result, she does not perform self-breast examination as she had been doing in the past. Which of the following statements would offer the best advice to this patient? Student Answer: Order a mammogram to establish baseline data. Recommend that she perform a self-breast examination every two months. CORRECT Determine the time of the month when her breasts are tender and recommend a change to her breast self-examination schedule. Stress the importance of breast self-examination to detect unusual lumps. A seventeen-year-old presents with an appointment for unilateral breast tenderness and swelling. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology for this problem? Student Answer: Breast cancer CORRECT Mastitis INCORRECT Fibrocystic breast Fibroadenoma A fifty-two-year-old female patient comes in for her annual well-woman examination. Her LMP was fourteen months ago without any breakthrough bleeding. She has also developed some hirsutism. You would document this as __. Student Answer: secondary amenorrhea CORRECT menopause perimenopause polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)A twenty-five-year-old patient presents with urinary frequency and urgency. These symptoms have been occurring for three days without fever. A patient with interstitial cystitis would most likely describe their symptoms as _______. Student Answer: CORRECT urinary urgency and frequency in the morning and at night pain with urination with scant bleeding INCORRECT terminal dysuria urinary urgency only You are completing a well visit on a fourteen-year-old female who is currently not menstruating. Primary amenorrhea is best described as ________. Student Answer: cessation of menstruation for six months CORRECT failure of menstruation to occur by age fifteen failure of menstruation to occur by age thirteen cessation of menstruation for six months after menarche A Pap smear result of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) will require which procedure next? Student Answer: Cold knife cone (CKC) CORRECT Follow-up Pap smear Colposcopy Loop electro-excision procedure (LEEP) A patient has been ordered a breast ultrasound after having a mammogram. The primary rationale for ordering this is to _____. Student Answer: screen for breast cancer breast cancer staging CORRECT determine if a breast lesion is cystic or solid evaluate for structural abnormalities During puberty, linear growth is determined by the amount of growth hormone (GH) and the feedback loop. Which of the following patterns describes the release of GH in patients in puberty? Student Answer: Rapid secretion of GH with activity Pulsatile release in the morning GH release that increases at rest CORRECT Pulsatile release at the onset of slow wave sleep Bodily image concerns can be a major problem during the adolescent years. Which of the following psychosocial developmental phases of adolescence represents a period of greatest concern over bodily image?Student Answer: INCORRECT Middle adolescence Late adolescence Preadolescence CORRECT Early adolescenceTerm A thirty-five-year-old woman, presents with a six-month history of hypermenorrhea, backache, and pelvic pressure. On examination, you discover a twelve-week size uterus with irregular contour. Which of the following does this represent? Student Answer: INCORRECT Uterine cancer Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) CORRECT Uterine fibroid Fecal impaction A nurse practitioner is teaching an undergraduate pathophysiology class about changes associated with puberty. Which of the following is an inaccurate point that should not be included? Student Answer: INCORRECT A decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus An elevation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) CORRECT Decreasing estrogen levels and a reduction in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Nocturnal secretion of pulsatile LH The pituitary gland is responsible for a variety of functions with respect to hormonal regulation and is composed of two lobes, the anterior and posterior sections. Which of the following list of hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? Student Answer: CORRECT Growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone Prolactin and T4 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and T3 Luteinizing hormone (LH) and oxytocin A sixty-one-year-old thin, Caucasian female presents to your practice for a well-woman examination. She remarks that she feels like she is shrinking over the past year, despite keeping active and incorporating sources of calcium in her diet. Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis? Student Answer: Excessive exercise History of maternal osteoporosis Routine use of alcohol or caffeine CORRECT Use of opposed Estrogen use TThe first line treatment of severe menstrual cramps that have been occurring for four months in a patient with primary dysmenorrhea includes which of the following? Student Answer: Acetaminophen CORRECT IbuprofenCombination hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Amitriptylineerm A patient who a nurse practitioner is seeing for the first time has the past medical history of primary dysmenorrhea. She recalls that which of the following is considered as the primary etiology? Student Answer: INCORRECT Ovarian cysts CORRECT Prostaglandin production Endometriosis AdenomyosisTerm A woman presents for her prenatal visit and has a diagnosis of preeclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The nurse practitioner is educating the patient about the diagnosis. Which of the following about PIH indicates that the nurse practitioner has made an incorrect statement? Student Answer: Symptoms include edema of the hands and face INCORRECT Symptoms occur during the second trimester Proteinuria is a late development in PIH CORRECT PIH is a precursor to chronic hypertension and heart disease A diagnosis has been formulated on a patient as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following medication regimes is the best treatment for the PMS? Student Answer: CORRECT Vitamin B6, Antiprostaglandins, and Diuretics Calcium, Antidepressants, and Vitamin D INCORRECT Vitamin B6, Calcium, and Acetaminophen Evening Primrose Oil, Ginkgo Biloba, and Antidepressants There are several phases to the menstrual cycle. What phase begins with menses cessation and ends with ovulation? Proliferative phase A progesterone challenge is ordered. The purpose is to determine the presence of amenorrhea A nurse practitioner instructor is reviewing the anatomy of the external genitalia. At the opening of the vagina are the Bartholin's glands. Which of the following describes the function of these glands? Hormone production for ovulation Production of alkaline secretion for sperm viability Development of mucous plug for pregnancy Maintenance of vaginal pH to prevent vaginitis When you inspect her external genitalia, you are amazed at the size and appearance of the "lump." You note what appears to be an abscess on the left medial side of the labia minora, and there is some edema extending into the perineum.Your diagnosis for this presentation is: Bartholin's cyst You explain to this young woman what this "lump" is and let her know you will be referring her to a gynecologist you consult with regularly. You explain to her the likely treatment as follows: A possible incision might be necessary and a catheter (WORD) placed for two to four weeks to allow for drainage and appropriate healing. Treatment for stress incontinence can include Pelvic muscle exercises/kegel floor exercises Biofeedback Weight loss if obese Signs and symptoms reported for hyperthyroidism enlarged thyroid, decreased libido, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, insomnia, weight loss with increased appetite, nervousness, palpitations, increased gastrointestinal response (such as frequent bowel movements), menstrual irregularities, and exercise intolerance. Signs and symptoms for hypothyroidism enlarged thyroid; depression; decreased libido; cold intolerance; dry, coarse skin; weight gain with poor appetite; fatigue; slow thinking; hypersomnia; muscle weakness; constipation; and menstrual irregularities. Phases of Menstrual Cycle 4 phases -Follicular Phase: Proliferative or Preovulating phase (follical-when the egg is in the ovaries) -Ovulation -Luteal Phase: secretory of postovulatory phase -Menstruation The diagnosis of stress incontinence can be confirmed by the woman's symptom history to date Thalia is a fifteen-year-old who is referred to your women’s health practice by her school counselor. She has macromastia and has been teased and ridiculed by her classmates at school. Which of the following would be the first step in dealing with this problem? . Encourage Thalia to wear loose clothing and a bra with strong support. Refer Thalia to a therapist for counseling and support, including antibullying. Meet with Thalia and her parents to discuss options, including breast reduction surgery. Assess Thalia’s Tanner staging for breasts and date of menarche.Which of the following characteristics is not associated with psychosocial development problems in adolescence? Being different than others or feeling different Late onset of pubertal sexual maturity Sexual identity as GLBTQ Having a disability or chronic health condition Abby, twenty years old, presents with pelvic pain. Which of the following is not a first-line diagnostic test for evaluation of pelvic pain? Pregnancy test CBC with differential CT of pelvis Urinalysis Mitzi, a twenty-three-year-old, is here for her well-woman checkup. She asks about douching. Which of the following statements about douching is true? Douching is a reliable contraceptive method. Douching may increase the risk of infection and ectopic pregnancy. Douching effectively prevents sperm from entering the uterus. Douching should be used after intercourse and after menses. You are meeting with twenty-two-year-old Emily to discuss birth control options. She has tried “the pill” in the past but failed to take it regularly. She is interested in depo because she only has to come in every three months for a shot. She also heard that one does not get a period on depo, and she likes the thought of that. Which of the following would be a specific consideration with depo that you would need to discuss? Depo offers no protection from STIs. Depo depletes skeletal mass, so it is necessary to take calcium supplements. As with any hormonal birth control, changes in weight can occur. Depo does not offer pregnancy protection for those who are obese. There are several phases to the menstrual cycle. What phase begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation? Ovulatory phase Follicular phase Proliferative phase Luteal phase A nurse practitioner is educating a woman who has a colposcopy ordered. Which of the following most accurately describes a colposcopy?A procedure that visualizes the vaginal, vulvar, or cervical epithelium with magnification to identify abnormal areas that may need to be biopsied A procedure to visualize the uterine cavity through a small, fiber-optic scope introduced through the cervix A procedure to remove a sample of endometrial tissue with a curette or an aspiration tool for biopsy A procedure to visualize the abdominal and pelvic cavity by fiber-optic endoscope via a subumbilical incision A pregnant woman has been diagnosed with preeclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Which of the following statements about PIH is incorrect? One of the manifestations is edema of the hands and face. The timing of PIH is usually after the twentieth week of pregnancy. Proteinuria is a late development in PIH. PIH is a precursor to chronic hypertension and heart disease. A pregnant client in your practice is experiencing nausea and vomiting in her first trimester. Which of the following would you suggest to alleviate the problem? Avoiding all carbonated beverages, including sodas and seltzer water Eating small meals at frequent intervals, avoiding spicy or fatty foods Avoiding eating the first thing on awakening in the morning Taking additional iron and prenatal vitamins A pathology report has been returned on a woman’s breast mass malignancy. The most common type of invasive breast cancer is ______ lobular infiltrating ductal infiltrating papillary medullary A woman presents to the office seeking the birth control measure that is 100% effective. When counseling a woman on effectiveness of these methods, which of the following fulfills this requirement? Implanon Combined oral contraceptive Abstinence Intrauterine device (IUD)A thirty-three-year-old woman presents to your clinic complaining of a dark brown, watery vaginal discharge and postcoital bleeding. There is a strong history of multiple unprotected sexual encounters. She has not been immunized for human papillomavirus (HPV). Which of the following examination findings would be suspicious for cervical cancer? Lymphadenopathy of the femoral area A soft, pink cervix with no ulcerations An anteverted cervix with lateral displacement A very firm cervix with an ulcer Which of the following choices represent a disorder of the reproductive tract that causes pain, erythema, dyspareunia, and a perineal mass? Endometrial polyp Bartholin’s cyst Cervical polyp Pilonidal cyst A young woman presents to your practice with vaginal itching and a white discharge. She denies sexual activity or douching. She has been in good health except for a recurrent strep throat. Pelvic examination reveals a tender vulvovaginal area with edema and white patches; no odor is detected. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this problem? Bacterial vaginosis Diabetes mellitus Allergy to personal hygiene product Candidiasis after antibiotic treatment Lauren, twenty-three years old, presents to your office with a complaint of severe menstrual cramps for four months since she quit using an oral contraceptive. Your tentative diagnosis is primary dysmenorrhea. What would be the first-line treatment for this condition? Acetaminophen Naproxen Ergotamine Elavil A twenty-one-year-old woman presents for her initial well-woman examination. She has never been sexually active and has a negative family history for gynecology problems. Personal history is negative for abuse, and she exercises regularly and eats a balanced diet. Menstrual history reveals that she experienced menarche at fourteen years of age, has a regular twenty-eight-day cycle, and denies dysmenorrhea. Which of the following would be included in her physical examination today? Stool for occult blood Baseline mammographyCultures for gonorrhea and chlamydia Pap smear Sally, a sixty-one-year-old Caucasian female, presents to your practice for a well-woman examination. She remarks that she feels like she is shrinking over the past year, despite keeping active and incorporating sources of calcium in her diet. Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis? Smoking History of maternal osteoporosis Excessive use of alcohol or caffeine Use of combined oral contraception You are seeing a twenty-two-year-old pregnant woman for routing antepartal care. She discloses that she forgets to take her prenatal vitamins. Which of the following would not be part of your counseling and education? Try putting them next to your toothbrush and taking them at night when you brush before going to bed. Using an OTC stool softener and drinking plenty of water can help with constipation. You can just take a regular multivitamin in place of the prenatals. Prenatal vitamins are specially formulated to prevent anemia in you and your baby. Which of the following is an approved treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)? Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol/levomefolate calcium (Beyaz) Soybean milk (Soy) Amitriptyline (Elavil) Conjugated estrogen (Premarin) Karen is concerned that she may develop breast cancer. Which of the following is not an associated risk factor? Older age Family history Nulliparity Breastfeeding The National Osteoporosis Foundation has screening guidelines for DEXA scans. Which of the following women would be most in need of bone mineral density testing? A fifty-four-year-old postmenopausal woman receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) A fifty-year-old woman who is having irregular menstrual cycles A fifty-one-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on long-term corticosteroid therapy A forty-nine-year-old Caucasian woman who smokes and has an excessive alcohol intakeLenore, fifty-five years old, comes in for evaluation of a breast mass. Which of the following is not usually linked with carcinoma of the breast? Scaly lesions similar to eczema on one areola and nipple Peau d’orange dimpling of skin over breast Unilateral retraction and deviation of nipple Well-circumscribed, rubbery, and tender lesion Bodily image concerns can be a major problem during the adolescent years. Which of the following psychosocial developmental phases of adolescence represents a period of greatest concern over bodily image? Middle adolescence Late adolescence Preadolescence Early adolescence During puberty, linear growth is determined by the amount of growth hormone (GH) and the feedback loop. Which of the following patterns describes the release of GH in patients in puberty? Rapid secretion of GH with activity Pulsatile release in the morning GH release that increases at rest Pulsatile release at the onset of slow wave sleep A school nurse is reviewing a female student’s records regarding presence of the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV). Which of the following statements most clearly represents the current guidelines with respect to immunization against HPV? The vaccine targets HPV types 19 and 21. The HPV vaccine should be given as early as age eight. HPV immunization should be given after initial sexual contact. The HPV vaccine is initiated at ages eleven or twelve. The onset and duration of puberty varies greatly from patient to patient and is also dependent upon race. Which of the following phrases can you expect to have the earlier onset of puberty in boys African American boys Native American boys Caucasian boys Hispanic boys A diagnosis has been formulated on a patient as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following medication regimes is the best treatment for the PMS? Vitamin B6, Antiprostaglandins, and Diuretics Calcium, Antidepressants, and Vitamin DVitamin B6, Calcium, and Acetaminophen Evening Primrose Oil, Ginkgo Biloba, and Antidepressants A patient who a nurse practitioner is seeing for the first time has the past medical history of primary dysmenorrhea. She recalls that which of the following is considered as the primary etiology Ovarian cysts Prostaglandin production Endometriosis Adenomyosis You are completing a well visit on a fourteen-year-old female who is currently not menstruating. Primary amenorrhea is best described as ________. cessation of menstruation for six months failure of menstruation to occur by age fifteen failure of menstruation to occur by age thirteen cessation of menstruation for six months after menarche A fifty-one-year-old postmenopausal patient presents with renewed onset of vaginal bleeding. She had not menstruated for more than one year. Physical examination, including abdominal and pelvic examination appears grossly normal. Your initial treatment for this patient would include which of the following? Observe the patient and have her return of the bleeding continues Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 to 10 mg daily to control bleeding Monophasic oral contraceptives for three months and then reassess Referral to a gynecologist for consideration for endometrial biopsy Gynecomastia or breast development in males is a common issue in clinical practice. Which of the following statements defines Gynecomastia most accurately? It is always unilateral. Onset coincides with the start of puberty. Illegal drug use is rarely a cause. An endocrine workup should be instituted in all cases. Adolescence sexuality is important to understand and to discuss with your patients. Sexual behavior begins with childhood curiosity. Based upon the following characteristics, you would define your patient in which level of adolescence: low physical and mental investment in sexuality, information gathering on the topic of sexuality, prepubertal appearance and masturbation. Preadolescence Early adolescence Middle adolescence Late adolescence Breast masses are a common finding in adolescents and most typically are benign. Which of the following descriptions of a breast mass most likely represents a benign finding?Bilateral, round, or oval firm mass Unilateral, round mass with hard consistency Bilateral, round, or oval for mass with dimpling of the nipple Multiple unilateral masses with hard consistency found in the axilla A fifteen-year-old patient who presents with symptoms consistent with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is concerned that she may have ovarian cancer. Your best advice to this patient is that PMS is typically caused by which of the following? Polycystic ovarian disease Pituitary tumor Genetic, psychosocial, and hormonal fluctuations Psychosocial issues and sleep disturbance The pituitary gland is responsible for a variety of functions with respect to hormonal regulation and is composed of two lobes, the anterior and posterior sections. Which of the following list of hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? Growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone Prolactin and T4 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and T3 Luteinizing hormone (LH) and oxytocin A nurse practitioner is educating a pregnant female about breast changes. Common normal physiologic changes include all of the following except: Development of straie Fibrocystic changes Nipple pigmentation Venous engorgement The ovaries are located near the pelvic wall at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine. Which layer of the ovaries contains the lymphatics and blood vessels? Endometrium Central medulla Cuboidal epithelium Ovarian stromaDefinition Question 18.18. A nurse practitioner has just completed education with a female adolescent about intrauterine contraceptive devices. Which of the following statements by the patient would suggest that further education is needed? They are only indicated for women with stable monogamous relationships. It is not commonly used for nulliparous women as there are better options. They are contraindicated in women with a past history of pelvic inflammatory disease. They may be used by a woman who has had a previous ectopic pregnancy.A forty-one-year-old patient is currently on griseofulvin for the treatment of onychomycosis. As an advanced practice nurse, you would advise the patient that this medication has the potential for which of the following? Increase estrogen secretion Decrease steroid levels Increase follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion Decrease progesterone secretion A twenty-five-year-old patient is on oral contraception and comes in with an elevated blood pressure after being on the medication for six months. Prior to the initiation of the medication, the patient's blood pressure had been within normal limits. The patient should be advised that ____ most likely the oral contraceptive is not causing the blood pressure elevation approximately over 3% oral contraceptive users develop hypertension most likely progesterone is causing blood pressure elevation blood pressure elevation results from fluid retention thirty-six-year-old type I diabetic patient is considering starting on an oral contraceptive method. She is on both insulin and oral antidiabetic agents. The patient should be informed that ___ D oral contraception is contraindicated in diabetic patients a common side effect is hyperglycemia hypoglycemic effects may be antagonized an increase in insulin dosing may be recommendedefinition Oral contraceptive agents may contain both progesterone and estrogen. The progesterone component of the oral contraceptive produces which the following effect Decrease in luteinizing hormone (LH) Cervical mucus production Increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Thinning of the cervical os Which of the following statements best describe the difference between type I and type II bone loss in patients with osteoporosis? Type II bone loss involves the trabecular compartment Type II bone loss results from loss of ovarian function Type I bone loss involves the cortical bone Type I bone loss results from loss of ovarian function A couple is presenting for a first trimester pregnancy exam. They are curious about the sex of the baby. You recall that the human embryo becomes bipotential at what week of gestation? Sixth Tenth Twelfth EighthFrom which gland is Androstenedione secreted? Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Corpus Luteum Adrenals A thirty-five-year-old female presents with perimenopausal symptoms. You recall that this may begin during which age group? Forty-five to fifty years Thirty-five to forty years Fifty to fifty-five years Thirty to thirty-five years A patient is coming to the clinic for a follow-up of some diagnostic testing that she had done. When you review the chart, you find that she now has findings consistent with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).You recall that PCOS is characterized by which of the following? Menorrhagia Infertility Menometrorrhagia Hypoadrogenism Fibrous connective tissue Tendons (attach muscle to bone) Ligaments ( connect bones to joints) Breast tissue is composed of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue and a complex lymphatic system. Where does lymph from the medial cutaneous area of the breast flow? Axillary nodes Opposite breast Mammary nodes Infraclavicular nodes definition You are performing an annual well visit on a prepubescent female. Which of the following hormonal changes best describes the fluctuations during this time? A decrease in adrenal cortex androgens The initiation of secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) An increase of adrenal cortex androgens between six and eight years of age Elevation of estrogen levels at eight years of age The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined absolute contraindications to estrogen containing contraceptives. Which of the following is not an absolute contraindication? History of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Greater than age of thirty-five yearsHypertension with vascular disease Active viral hepatitis A sixty-one-year-old thin, Caucasian female presents to your practice for a well-woman examination. She remarks that she feels like she is shrinking over the past year, despite keeping active and incorporating sources of calcium in her diet. Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis? Excessive exercise History of maternal osteoporosis Routine use of alcohol or caffeine Use of opposed Estrogen use Elba, a thirty-five-year-old woman, presents with a six-month history of hypermenorrhea, backache, and pelvic pressure. On examination, you discover twelve-week-size uterus with irregular contour. Which of the following does this represent? Cervical stenosis Missed abortion Uterine fibroid Fecal impaction A Pap smear result of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) will require which procedure next? Cold knife cone (CKC) Follow-up Pap smear Colposcopy Loop electro-excision procedure (LEEP) 4. Question : A twenty-one-year-old woman presents to your family planning clinic seeking emergency contraception. She had unprotected sex last night and is not currently on any contraception. Her last menstrual period was two weeks ago, and she denies recent sexual intercourse. Which of the following is not an emergency contraception modality? Student Answer: Combined oral contraceptive using the Yuzpe protocol Progesterone-only contraceptive using Plan B protocol Mechanical agents using an intrauterine device (IUD) protocol RU-486—mifepristone protocol Question 26. Question : A twenty-four-year-old woman in your practice has been trying to conceive. She comes in for a pregnancy test, and it is positive. LMP was five weeks ago. She is prone to migraines and has used Imitrex (sumatriptan) with good success. She asks you about what to do if shehas a migraine during pregnancy. Which of the following would be an inappropriate intervention as part of your counseling? Student Answer: Triptans are contraindicated during pregnancy. Substitute ibuprofen at the onset of a headache; it is safe and effective. Migraines often occur less frequently during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Nonpharmacological measures such as pressure points or lying down in a quiet environment for a brief rest at the onset of headache can help. Question 29. Question : Luz is a fifteen-year-old girl who comes to your office stating, “I have not had my period for two months now.” She experienced menarche at ten years of age, with regular cycles for the past two years. In your initial consideration of a differential diagnoses, what is the most likely etiology of this problem? Student Answer: Disordered eating Pregnancy Anovulatory cycles Stress Question 31. Question : A female patient has been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and weighs 250 pounds. In addition to obesity, PCOS is associated with which of the following clinical manifestations? Student Answer: Excessive menstrual flow Dry, flaking skin Infertility Hair lossQuestion 32. Question : A nurse practitioner is screening a female for prescribing contraceptions for the first time. Which of the following conditions is an absolute contraindication to estrogen-containing contraception? Student Answer: Migraine headaches Hypertension Thromboembolism Seizure disorder Question 43. Question : You are researching preliminary evidence-based sources about breast cancer risk factors. Which of the following would you find is not one for the disease? Student Answer: First full-term pregnancy after thirty-five years of age Late menopause after fifty-four years of age History of maternal breast cancer Fibrocystic breast disease Question 45. Question : A sixty-year-old woman has presented with the chief complaint of bleeding after intercourse. Which of the following is not associated with postcoital bleeding or spotting in a postmenopausal woman? Student Answer: Cervical cancer Endometrial cancer Atrophic vaginitis Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Question 46. Question : A patient is being rechecked after having a total hysterectomy performed and is having multiple problems since. Which of the following is/are early symptom(s) of estrogen withdrawal? Student Answer: Vaginal lubrication ChillsSleep disturbances Myalgias