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BIOS 255 Final Exam Review/DOWNLOAD TO SCORE A

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BIOS 255 Final Exam Review REVIEW MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW – In addition to anatomical structures in lab CHAPTER 22 – LYMPHOID AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS 1) Function and Structure of lymphatic vessels and basic idea of lymph flow 2) Associated lymphatic and immune organs/tissues 3) Cytokines – Small protein hormones that influence cellular function, especially regarding immune function 4) Immunity 5) Adaptive immunity The Respiratory System 1) General pathway of airflow 2) Anatomy of respiratory system as described in lab 3) Function of nose, nasal epithelium, hair, nasal conchae in ventilation 4) Role of cilia in trachea 5) Anatomy and physiology of the alveoli a) Alveolar macrophages b) Type I Alveolar cells c) Type II Alveolar cells i) Role of surfactant d) Respiratory membrane – What influences diffusion of gasses? (23.6) 6) Role of the pleura, plueral space, and intrapleural pressure in ventilation 7) Gas laws a) Dalton’s Law – be able to calculate this if given gas partial pressures or percent. i) PATM = PX1 + PX2 + PX3… b) Henry’s Law i) Quantity of a gas that will dissolve in liquid is proportional to its concentration and solubility. c) Boyle’s Law i) P1 X V1 = P2 X V2 for a closed container 8) Mechanism of inhalation/exhalation, including muscles involved a) See Boyle’s law and Fig 23.15 9) What is the site of major control of resistance to airflow in the lungs? 10) Neural control over ventilation depth and rate a) Medullary Respiratory Center i) DRG (mostly inhalation, esp. light breathing) ii) VRG (forceful inhalation & exhalation) (1) Pre-Botzinger – Rhythm generator b) Pontine Respiratory Group i) Modifies, rather than establishes, the rate, depth, and rhythm of ventilation c) Cortical influence d) Chemoreceptor influence i) Co2+H2OH2CO3H++HCO3- e) Proprioceptor influence 11) 4 Steps of Gas Exchange (this is true for getting O2 to the cells as well as CO2 out of the body) a) 1) Ventilation – Getting air to lungs i) Respiratory minute volume ii) Alveolar ventilation iii) All volumes and capacities (Fig 23.16) b) 2) External Respiration – Getting gases to and from blood i) Pulmonary gas exchange ii) Ventilation – Perfusion coupling (1) Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction iii) Percentages of O2 and CO2 carried in the blood through each mechanism iv) Hemoglobin loading and unloading (these processes work both ways) (1) PO2 (2) pH (3) CO2 (4) 2,3-bisphophsoglycerate (5) Temperature (6) Embryonic vs Adult hemoglobin (7) Know what a left shift vs right shift means for O2 transport c) 3) Cardiac Output/Convective Transport of Blood (this was covered in Exam 2 but you will need to know it for the Final) i) Transport of CO2 (1) % Plasma (2) % as Hb-CO2 (3) % as HCO3- ii) Transport of O2 (1) % in plasma (2) % as Hb-O2 d) 4) Internal Respiration – Getting gases to and from tissues i) All the things that influenced Hb in the lungs will influence them in the tissues, though the lung environment tends to favor loading and the tissue environment tends to favor unloading 12) You should know atmospheric PO2 and PCO2 and you should know the PO2 and PCO2 of alveolar air, pulmonary arterial blood, pulmonary venous blood, systemic arterial blood, and systemic venous blood. 13) It is also good to read the Clinical Connections throughout the chapter because some application-style exam questions are pulled from those short sections.

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