PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 7TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bro
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 7TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
2. The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to:
3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal:
4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
5. Free radicals cause cell damage by:
6. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
7. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?
a. .
8. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of:
9. Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?
10. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by:
11. Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by:
12. Acute alcoholism mainly affects which body system?
13. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because:
14. Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?
15. What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion?
16. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
a. The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.
b. ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
c. The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.
d. Sodium cannot be transporUted Sto thNe ceTll memObrane during hypoxia.
ANS: B
In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism and a loss of ATP production. Normally, the presence of ATP and ATPase, the active-transport enzyme, maintains the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia, reduced ATP and ATPase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium diffuses outward. The other options do not accurately describe the cause of the swelling caused by hypoxia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 84
17. What is the most common site of lipid accumulation?
a. Coronary arteries c. Liver
b. Kidneys d. Subcutaneous tissue
ANS: C
Although lipids sometimes accumulate in heart and kidney cells, the most common site of intracellular lipid accumulation, or fatty change, is liver cells. Subcutaneous tissue is not a common site of lipid accumulation.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 84-85
18. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation?
a. Accumulation of lipids that obstruct the common bile duct, preventing flow of bile
from the liver to the gallbladder
b. Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins
c. Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins
d. Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids
ANS: B
Lipid accumulation in liver cells occurs after cellular injury sets the following mechanisms in motion: increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids (increases in the enzyme,
-glycerophosphatase, which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis) and decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins). The other options do not accurately describe this event.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 84-85
19. Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of:
a. Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream
b. Hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells
c. Albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream
d. Amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream
ANS: A
Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred to the cells from the bloodstream, causes hemoprotein accumulations in cells. Hemoglobin, albumin, or amino acids will not cause hemoprotein accumulations.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 86
20. Hemosiderosis is a conditionNthaRt resIultsGin Bth.e eCxceMss of what substance being stored as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues?
a. Hemoglobin c. Iron
b. Ferritin d. Transferrin
ANS: C
Hemosiderosis is a condition that occurs only when excess iron is stored as hemosiderin in the cells of many organs and tissues.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 86
21. What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?
a. Activation of endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium to protein.
b. Activation of phospholipases, to which calcium normally binds, degrades the proteins.
c. An influx of phosphate ions competes with calcium for binding to proteins.
d. Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
ANS: D
If abnormal direct damage occurs to membranes or ATP is depleted, then calcium increases in the cytosol. The other options do not accurately describe the cause of free calcium in cytosol to damage cell membranes.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 57-58 | Page 87 | Figure 2-24
22. What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?
a. Acoustic trauma and noise-induced c. High frequency and acoustic trauma
b. High frequency and low frequency d. Noise-induced and low frequency
ANS: A
Two types of hearing loss are associated with noise: (1) acoustic trauma or instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound (e.g., gunfire), and (2) noise-induced hearing loss, the more common type, which is the result of prolonged exposure to intense sound (e.g., noise associated with the workplace and leisure-time activities). The remaining options are not related to noise but rather to the amplitude of the sound.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 83
23. What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?
a. Coagulative c. Caseous
b. Liquefactive d. Gangrene
ANS: B
Liquefactive necrosis commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain. The other types of necrosis are not related to ischemic injuries in the brain.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 90
24. What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?
a. Bacteriologic c. Liquefactive
b. Caseous d. Gangrenous
ANS: B
NURSINGTB.COM
Caseous necrosis, which commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. The other types of necrosis are not observed in pulmonary tuberculosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 90
25. What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene?
a. Coagulative c. Caseous
b. Liquefactive d. Gangrene
ANS: B
Wet gangrene develops only when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 91
26. Current research supports the believe that, after heart muscle injury, the damage:
a. Remains indefinitely because cardiac cells do not reproduce.
b. Is repaired by newly matured cardiomyocytes.
c. Gradually decreases in size as mitotic cell division occurs.
d. Is replaced by hypertrophy of remaining cells.
ANS: B
The recent discovery that cardiac stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages has profoundly changed the understanding of myocardial biology; it is now believed that bone marrow–derived cardiac stem cells or progenitor cells that have the ability to mature into cardiomyocytes may populate the heart after injury. The other options do not accurately describe the process that is believed to occur to address cardiac muscle damage.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 52 | What's New box
27. After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This process is an example of hormonal:
a. Hyperplasia c. Hypertrophy
b. Dysplasia d. Anaplasia
ANS: A
Hormonal hyperplasia chiefly occurs in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast. After ovulation, for example, estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken for reception of the fertilized ovum. The other options do not accurately describe the process identified in the question.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 51-53
28. The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
a. Dysplasia c. Hyperplasia
b. Pathologic dysplasia d. Pathologic hyperplasia
ANS: D
Pathologic hyperplasia is theNabnRormIal pGroliBfe.raCtionMof normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target cells (see
Figure 2-4). The other options do not accurately identify the term for the results of excessive hormonal stimulation on cells.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 53
29. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing compensatory:
a. Atrophy c. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia d. Dysplasia
ANS: C
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss. The other options do not accurately identify the compensatory process described in the question.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 52-53
30. What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?
a. Hypoxic injury c. Infectious injury
b. Chemical injury d. Genetic injury
ANS: A
Hypoxia, or lack of sufficient oxygen, is the single most common cause of cellular injury (see Figure 2-8). The other options are not a commonly observed as is the correct option.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 56
31. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
a. Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related.
b. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels.
c. The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane.
d. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell.
ANS: B
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium (Na+–K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+–K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.)
PTS: 1 REF: Page 57
32. In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of:
a. Oxygen c. Carbon monoxide
b. Nitrogen d. Hydrogen
ANS: B
If water pressure is too rapidly reduced, the gases dissolved in blood bubble out of the solution, forming emboli. OxNygeRn isIquiGcklyBr.edCissoMlved, but nitrogen bubbles may persist and obstruct blood vessels. Ischemia, resulting from gas emboli, causes cellular hypoxia,
particularly in the muscles, joints, and tendons, which are especially susceptible to changes in oxygen supply. The remaining options are not involved in the formation of decompression sickness emboli.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 77
33. Which is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure?
a. Respiratory distress c. DNA aberrations
b. Sun intolerance d. Death
ANS: C
The effects of ionizing radiation may be acute or delayed. Acute effects of high doses, such as skin redness, skin damage, or chromosomal aberrations, occur within hours, days, or months. The delayed effects of low doses may not be evident for years. The other options are not commonly considered effects of radiation exposure.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 78-79
34. What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
a. Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised.
b. Skeletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis.
c. The heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension.
d. The size of the uterus increases during pregnancy.
ANS: A
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss. The other options do not accurately describe the term compensatory hyperplasia.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 52-53
35. It is true that nondividing cells are:
a. Found in gastrointestinal lining c. Incapable of synthesizing DNA
b. Affected by hyperplasia d. Affected by only hypertrophy
ANS: A
Gastrointestinal lining is made up of rapidly dividing cells. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy take place if the cells are capable of synthesizing DNA; however, only hypertrophy occurs in nondividing cells.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 51-53
36. Dysplasia refers to a(n):
a. Abnormal increase in the number of a specific cell type
b. True adaptive process at the cellular level
c. Modification in the shape of a specific cell type
d. Lack of oxygen at the cellular level
ANS: C
Dysplasia refers only to abnoNrmaRl chIangGes iBn .thCe sizMe, shape, and organization of mature cells.
U S N T O
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 53-54
37. Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury:
a. Affects the permeability of the plasma membrane.
b. Is often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals.
c. Is rarely influenced by lipid peroxidation.
d. Seldom involves the cell’s organelles.
ANS: B
Not all the mechanisms causing chemical-induced membrane destruction are known; however, the only two general mechanisms currently accepted include: (1) direct toxicity by combining with a molecular component of the cell membrane or organelles, and (2) reactive free radicals and lipid peroxidation.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 62-63
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
38. Which organs are affected by lead consumption? (Select all that apply.)
a. Bones
b. Muscles
c. Pancreas
d. Nerves
e. Eyes
ANS: A, D
The only organ systems provided as options that are primarily affected by lead include the nervous system, bones, kidneys, teeth, cardiovascular, and reproductive and immune systems.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 66
39. What effect does fetal alcohol syndrome have on newborns? (Select all that apply.)
a. Failure of alveoli to open
b. Cognitive impairment
c. Incompetent semilunar values
d. Esophageal stricture
e. Facial anomalies
ANS: B, E
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) can lead to growth restriction, cognitive impairment, facial anomalies, and ocular disturbances. The other options do not accurately describe the effects of FAS.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 69
40. What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from either severe ischemia or chemical injury? (Select all that apply.)
a. Lungs
b. Brain
c. Kidneys
d. Muscles
e. Heart
ANS: C, E
NURSINGTB.COM
Coagulative necrosis, which occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands, is a common result of hypoxia from severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury, especially the ingestion of mercuric chloride. The other options do not accurately identify organs affected by necrosis resulting from ischemia or chemical injury.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 90
41. It is true that melanin is: (Select all that apply.)
a. Rarely found in epithelial cells
b. Found in cells called keratinocytes, which are present in the retina
c. A factor in the prevention of certain types of cancer
d. Most influential in managing the effects of short-term sunlight exposure
e. Accumulated in specific cells found in the skin
ANS: B, C, E
Melanin accumulates in epithelial cells (keratinocytes) of the skin and retina and is an extremely important pigment because it protects the skin against long exposure to sunlight and is considered an essential factor in the prevention of skin cancer.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 85-86
42. Examples of adaptive cellular responses include: (Select all that apply.)
a. Atrophy
b. Dysplasia
c. Hypertrophy
d. Hyperplasia
e. Metaplasia
ANS: A, C, D, E
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are considered to be adaptive cellular responses.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 50
43. Blunt force injuries would include a: (Select all that apply.)
a. Bruise to the upper arm, resulting from a fall
b. Simple tibia fracture sustained in a skiing accident
c. Cut on the finger while slicing vegetables for a salad
d. Spleen laceration caused by a punch during a physical fight
e. Small caliber gunshot wound to the foot while target shooting
ANS: A, B, D
Blunt force injuries are the result of tearing, shearing, or crushing types of injuries, resulting in bruises, fractures, and lacerations caused by blows or impacts. Sharp force injuries include cuts. Gunshot wounds require the penetration of the skin and muscle by a bullet.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 72 | Table 2-6
44. Which statements are true reNgardRingItheGeffeBc.tsCof mMarijuana use? (Select all that apply.)
a. Smoking the drug results in greater absorption that eating it.
b. Heavy use can result in psychomotor impairments.
c. Smoking four “joints” a day equals smoking approximately 20 cigarettes.
d. Research does not support marijuana use as a factor in developing lung cancer.
e. Fetal development appears to be unharmed by marijuana use.
ANS: A, B, C
With marijuana smoking, approximately 50% of the potent agents are absorbed through the lungs; when marijuana is ingested, however, only 10% is absorbed. With heavy marijuana use, the following adverse effects have been reported: (1) alterations of sensory perceptions, cognitive and psychomotor impairment (e.g., inability to judge time, speed, distance); (2) smoking three or four joints per day is similar to smoking 20 cigarettes per day, in relation to the frequency of chronic bronchitis and may contribute to lung cancer; (3) data from animal studies only, indicate reproductive changes that include reduced fertility, decreased sperm motility, and decreased circulatory testosterone; (4) fetal abnormalities including low birth weight and increased frequency of childhood leukemia; (5) increased frequency of infectious illness, which is thought to be the result of depressed cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 70 | Table 2-5
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