Digestive system
The midterm will contain 7 multiple choice questions [14 points] + a few short answer question [13 points]
related to Chapter 41 & Thanksgiving distress –case study. Some review questions appear belo
...
Digestive system
The midterm will contain 7 multiple choice questions [14 points] + a few short answer question [13 points]
related to Chapter 41 & Thanksgiving distress –case study. Some review questions appear below.
o What is malnutrition? What is an essential amino acid?
o What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a complete digestive system? Give one
representative organism for each type of system. Explain the advantages of a complete digestive
system.
o Name the 4 steps of food processing, and briefly describe what happens in each step. Where
in the digestive system (organs, accessory glands etc) does each happen?
o What is the difference between these kinds of feeders: bulk, filter, fluid, substrate?
o Know the following 4 macromolecules found in foods (proteins; carbohydrates like starch or
glycogen (aka polysaccharides); lipids; nucleic acids); their major components or building blocks that
are produced by enzymatic hydrolysis (ie, amino acids [proteins]; monosaccharides = sugars such as
glucose, fructose [carbohydrates].
oKnow the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion. Which kind of digestion takes
place in the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine?
o Which main types of nutrient macromolecules do you get from eating a steak? A baked potato?
Butter? Milk? etc.
o Name the structures through which food passes, from ingestion to elimination, in the correct
order for a human. Know the function and location of each of the digestive organs. Name the
accessory organs, and give functions in digestion.
o What is salivary amylase, where is it found and what macromolecule does it act on?
o What is pepsin, where is it found and what macromolecule does it act on?
oWhat is a bolus? Chyme? Peristalsis?
o What is gastric juice? What are the benefits of having a low pH in the stomach? Which cells produce
the acid? Which stomach cells produce pepsinogen?
o How and where in the digestive system are the different types of macromolecules chemically
digested?
oWhy doesn’t the stomach digest itself since it produces lots of acid, and pepsin (a protease)?
Describe three ways in which the stomach protects itself. Why are some digestive enzymes
(pepsin, trypsin) made as precursors (pepsinogin; trypsinogen) that have to be activated in
order to work? (Note: trypsin is not made in the stomach, but in the pancreas, for release and use in
the small intestine)
o What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?
oWhat substance neutralizes the acid pH of chyme when it reaches the small intestine?
o Where in the digestive system does most absorption of nutrients take place? How does the
structure of the small intestine contribute to its function in absorption?
o How does the absorption of fats differ from the absorption of carbohydrates?
o What is the hepatic portal vein, and why is it important? To which organ do most nutrients go after
absorption from the small intestine?
o Where in the digestive system does most absorption of water take place? What effect is there on
elimination if there is too much absorption of water in the large intestine? Too little?
o What is bile, where is it made and stored, and how does it help us to digest fats? What are
gallstones? What symptoms would occur if someone has gallstones, and what kind of foods would
provoke them?
o What kind of macromolecule is lactose, and what is lactose intolerance? Compare what happens to
lactose in the small and large intestine when a normal and a lactose intolerant person drink milk
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