1. Normal breast changes with menstrual cycle
Fibrocystic breast changes include a variety of histopathological variations, with fibrotic
thickening often paired with the development of cysts. However, this condition i
...
1. Normal breast changes with menstrual cycle
Fibrocystic breast changes include a variety of histopathological variations, with fibrotic
thickening often paired with the development of cysts. However, this condition is
considered benign and/or physiological rather than pathological.
The nodularity is usually associated with tenderness. The nodularity and tender- ness are
both cyclic in nature, fluctuating with the menstrual cycle. The symp- toms are usually
most severe just before menses. The size and/or number of lumps or nodules may
fluctuate during the cycle. The changes are usually bilateral. Breast discharge may also
occur cyclically before menses and is usually serous.
Breast pain—mastalgia or mastodynia—is the most common breast complaint. The most
common type of breast pain is cyclic mastalgia, which occurs in pre- menopausal women
and is associated with hormonal fluctuations. In contrast, noncyclic breast pain is often
unilateral and may be described in many ways, including sharp, burning, and aching.
Many benign breast changes, including cysts, mastitis, trauma, abscess, duct ectasia, and
fibroadenoma, are associated with noncyclic mastalgia. Women who experience cyclic
mastalgia usually have onset as a teen or young adult.
The pain associated with hormonal fluctuation most commonly occurs during the second
half of the woman’s cycle. The variability of the signs and symptoms is identified with a
symptom calendar. The pain is typically poorly localized, bilateral, and nonspecific. It
may be accompanied by a sense of breast fullness. The examination may identify the
multiple, bilateral nodularities associated with fibroadenomas or fibrocystic changes.Diagnostic Studies
The breast pain diary identifies the cyclic nature of the pain and its association with the
menstrual cycle. A mammogram or ultrasound reveals no indication of malignancy or
mass other than fibroadenomas or cysts.
2. Risk factors associated with osteoporosis
Age: Post-menopausal, Gender: women, family history, small body frames, Ethnicity:
Asian and Caucasians, smoking, alcohol, hyperthyroid & hyperparathyroid, steroids, and
a history of bone fractures, low calcium & vit D, and eating disorders.
3. Findings in a peripheral vascular assessment
Dependent edema, non-painful, hyperpigmented thick skin, high risk of stasis ulcers,
thrombophlebitis, varicose veins. Pain or weakness that occurs in the calves, and
sometimes the thighs or buttocks, with exercise and dissipates at rest is most likely
related to PVD. The onset of the pain is gradual and may not even occur until some time
after exercise. The pain tends to be a constant ache that may last hours to days.
4. Signs and symptoms of heart failure, and venous thrombosis.
Heart Failure: The three most common symptoms of HF are dyspnea with exertion or
rest, orthopnea, and edema. Patients also may complain of nonproductive cough and
fatigue. Signs include ankle or pretibial edema, rapid weight gain caused by fluid
retention, bibasilar crackles, tachycardia with a gallop rhythm, and hypoxia. Left
ventricular failure is most commonly characterized by dyspnea on exertion, cough,
fatigue, orthopnea, PND, cardiac enlargement, crackles, gallop rhythm, and pul- monarycongestion. Right ventricular failure is more commonly characterized by dependent
edema, elevated venous pressure, hepatomegaly, and possibly ascites. Although left and
right failure can occur independently, they often occur together, and left ventricular
failure is the most common cause of right ventricular failure.
Venous Thrombosis: The signs and symptoms of DVT include swelling, tenderness, and
inflamma- tion of the calf and often pain with ambulation. In about 50% of the cases,
symptoms are absent and pulmonary embolism may be the first sign. Pul- monary
embolism should be suspected with a complaint of acute onset of short- ness of breath,
chest pain, or hemoptysis in a person with any of the above risk factors. Preventive
measures include early mobilization of postsurgical patients, raising the foot of the bed,
and antiembolism hosiery, especially for patients who have a history of venous
insufficiency and for people traveling long distances by plane.
5. Signs and symptoms of genu varum, genu valgum, pes planus & metatarsus
adductus
Genu varum: wide-based gait and a bowlegged
Genu valgum: knock-kneed
Pes planus: flat feet
Metatarsus adductus: Front art of foot turns inward:
6. Signs and symptoms bulla, wheal, nodule & papuleBulla: Large blister containing serous fluid. Lesion is raised >1cm and fluid filled.Wheal: Area of localized dermal edema that comes and goes within a period of 1-2 days.
“Urticaria” Looks like hives.
Nodule: Larger and deeper than a papule
Papule: Raised lesion less than 1cm. NOT fluid filled.
7. Educational information that should be shared with breast-feeding mothers.
8. What is the meaning of gravida & para?
Gravida: number of confirmed pregnancies
Para: The number of births after 20 weeks gestation9. Signs and symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter disease
This self-limited condition occurs in adolescents and involves inflammation of the site
where the patellar tendon inserts on the tibia.
The patient complains of pain centered 2 to 3 inches inferior to the patella. The pain
ranges from mild to severe. Pain may occur primarily only with extensive activity or
persist regardless of activity level. Point tenderness and swelling are often present.
10. Signs and symptoms joint effusion, tear of rotator cuff, adhesive capsulitis &
dislocated shoulder.
joint effusion:
tear of rotator cuff: Injury to the rotator cuff usually follows chronic impingement and
degenerative changes over time. Injury to the structures may also result from trauma.
Pain associated with a tear of the rotator cuff is sudden in onset and may be worse at
night. Associated weakness and atrophy of surrounding structures oc- curs, and ROM is
limited. The limitation is sometimes connected with the pain, as it is painful for the
patient to lift the arm; however, weakness of the periar- ticular structures also contributes
to weakness. With a large tear, the patient will be able only to shrug the shoulder but not
lift the arm. Tenderness is greatest at the supraspinatus insertion, and pain may radiate to
the deltoid region. Crepitus is often noted with rotation at 60 to 120 degrees of abduction,
as this maneuver compresses the injured tissue. To compensate, the patient may rotate the
palm up (supination) during abduction, which rotates the shoulder and widens the rotator
cuff, decreasing the pain on movement. Apley’s, Hawkins’, and the empty can tests may
be positive, depending on the location of the tear
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