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IRAN-US NUCLEAR CONFLICT Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date Iran-US Nuclear Conflict Iran has had an interest in nuclear technology since the mid-1950s, and t ... hrough the years, they have been developing nuclear weapons. When they began the assembling of nuclear weapons, they received technical assistance from the United States. Through the U.S. Atoms for Peace, the program became a success, but in 1979, the revolution came to an end because the U.S. withdrew its assistance from Iran, and this was due to Iranian Revolution. The move did not stop Iranians from making nuclear bombs because they continued advancing the technology until they came up with an extensive nuclear fuel cycle. Nuclear was a complex system that could cause a lot of damage if it were to be launched, and this called for sanctions and international negotiations between the P5+1 and Iran. The P5+1 is a U.N. council that is composed of the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Russia, France, and Germany. Through different discussions, they came into the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement, which would limit Iranians nuclear capacity for the next twenty-five years, and Iran would receive a sanction relief from the agreement (Kadkhodaee et al., 2019). However, after Trump, the last president of the United States of America, was elected, he announced that United States would stop all the implementation of JCPOA. Therefore, the following research will explore the conflict that emerged between Iran and the U.S. because of the backup U.S. received from the P5+1 and how Iran is not interested in limiting its operational nuclear programs. Iran depends on other nations like China for neutron sources, and power reactors are the raw material in the production of their nuclear weapons. However, the United States made it hard for Iran to acquires these resources when the countries limit their supply to Iran. Iran also depended on uranium for their productions, and the United States went ahead to break the agreements Iran had with Argentina for supplies. Initially, U.S. has suspected that Iran was using its civilian nuclear program to develop clandestine weapons (Khan, 2009). Because of this, they had to control their supply points, and this created more conflict between them and Iran. Even though they had achieved to control the production process, it was known to them that Iran had a secret agreement with Russia for supplies. Through their agreement, Russia had promised Iran to supply them with a fuel fabrication facility, a centrifuge plant, and a research reactor. After Bill Clinton's administration, the business agreement between the two countries was discovered, and Iran was forced to scale down their production. Therefore, the U.S. has been intimidating Iran on nuclear production, which is one of the main causes of their nuclear conflict. Due to the push and pull between Iran and the U.S. on nuclear through the years, the two countries came together under the JCPOA agreement in 2015 to create sanctions that would control Iran from producing, testing and launching any nuclear weapons without permission. The agreement only allows Iran to design nuclear weapons only a few numbers of times in a year, and Iran agreed with the set rules. Among the set rules, the United States expects Iran to minimize their operational centrifuges, located at Natanz enrichment facility to 5060 from 19,000 until the year 2025 (Tabatabai & Samuel, 2017). They also expected Iran to convert the Fordow enrichment facility into a research facility at the same time under strict measures. Iran also promised that they would give unlimited access to the council so that they could monitor their actions. In the same way, the IAEA would be inspecting all their mining activities and monitor all productions. After Iran was awarded the certificate of compliance to the set rules, the country started to receive sanction reliefs. Through the set agreements, conflicts between the two countries were resolved until Obama's administration came to an end. The United States went against the implementation of JCPOA under Trump's administration because he argued that the nuclear deal was only going to last for the next fifteen years. Through his public speeches during campaigns, he said that he would "dismantle the disastrous deal with Iran." Trump argued that the deal that had been made previously was flawed and that after the deal was over, Iran would still go back to making a nuclear weapon, which was not safe for the United States. Iran, however, did not get intimidated by the American move because they said that the restrictions that they had agreed previously were over and they could go back to production. In 2018, Trump declared the agreement between Iran and the U.S. as defective to the core, and this stopped all the sanctions (Kerr & Katzman, 2018, July). After Iran's realization that the United States was going against their 2015 agreement and made the announcement of creating more powerful weapons, the United States got in plans with Iraq to destroy Iran's facilities, and this created more tension between the two countries. Iran has also made it hard for JCPOA to control its productions. This has created more conflicts with the U.S. Therefore; the United States triggered the Iranians to break the agreement they had made in 2015 because they could not meet the end of the bargain. Iran, in this case, was trying to retaliate from the U.S. intimidation. Conclusively, the U.S. has been intimidating Iran in its production process since the 20th century, and this has been the main source of conflict between the two countries. Iran has resources and technology in nuclear power production, which creates a threat to the U.S. To create a common ground for the two countries to get into an agreement with each other, JCPOA was introduced where Iran would receive sanctions and Iran would minimize their production of a nuclear weapon. It only worked for a short period of time when the U.S. decided to end its sanctions with Iran. The two countries have gone back to nuclear conflict, but it seems as though the conflicts will be resolved under the Biden administration. References Kadkhodaee, E., & Ghasemi Tari, Z. (2019). Othering Iran in American political discourse: a case study of a post-JCPOA senate hearing on Iran sanctions. Third World Quarterly, 40(1), 109-128. Kerr, P. K., & Katzman, K. (2018, July). Iran nuclear agreement and U.S. exit. Congressional Research Service, [Library of Congress]. Khan, S. (2009). Iran and nuclear weapons: protracted conflict and proliferation. Routledge. Tabatabai, A. M., & Samuel, A. T. (2017). What the Iran-Iraq war tells us about the future of the Iran nuclear deal. International Security, 42(1), 152-185. [Show More]

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