BIOL 235 Midterm Exam 2 with Complete Solution (100% Verified), Graded A+

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BIOL 235 Midterm Exam 2 with Complete Solution (100% Verified) between the origin and insertion which is usually located proximally in limbs ? Correct Answer- Origin What happens during REVERSE MUS... CLE ACTION? Correct Answer- specific movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever? Correct Answer- if the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum only a small about of effort is needed to move the load Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever Correct Answer- fulcrum Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist ____________ muscles Correct Answercontract, relax What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints called? Correct Answer- synergists What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? Correct AnswerCompartment Origin an insertion of the masseter Correct Answer- Origin = maxilla and zygomatic arch Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible What is the origin of the deltoid ? Correct Answer- acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring ? Correct Answer- semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femorisWhat 4 muscles make up the Quads ? Correct Answer- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up primarily of neuron cell bodies? Correct Answer- Ganglia The somatic nervous system only sends impulses to ________ muscles Correct Answer- skeletal Fight or Flight is associated with which division of the autonomic nervous system? Correct AnswerSympathetic What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential? Correct Answerelectrical excitability What type of neurons usually have several dendrite and on axon , and are norm ally found in brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons? Correct Answer- Multipolar What type of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon as well as are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and the olfactory area of brain? Correct Answer- Bipolar What type of neurons has dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body? Correct Answer- Unipolar or Pseudounipolar The processes of ________ make contact with blood capillaries, neurons, and the pia mater Correct Answer- astrocytes What neuroglia has these functions? 1. contain microfilaments that give them strength and allow them to support neurons 2. contributes to the effectiveness of BBB 3.in embyro, they secret chemicals that regulate things 4. help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for nerve impulse generation5. play a role in hearing and memory Correct Answer- Astrocytes What neuroglia resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes as well as are responsible fro forming nd maintiang myelin sheath? Correct Answer- Oligodendrocytes What neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give them a spine like projections as well as act as phagocytes? Correct Answer- Microglial Cells What type of neurglia cells are cuboidal and columanr arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia? they produce and possibly monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF Correct AnswerEpendymal Cells What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS? Correct Answer- Schwann and satellite cells What type of motor neuron directly supplies skeletal muscle fibers? Correct Answer- lower motor neurons What do all of these factors contribute to? 1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol 2. inability of most anions to leave the cells 3. electrogenic nature of the sodium potassium ATPases Correct Answer- Resting membrane potential Hyperpolarized cells are _______ negative inside ? Correct Answer- More What mode of travel by which graded potentials die out as they spread along the membrane ? Correct Answer- decremental conduction What kind of ion channels are found in nearly all cells, including dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons? Correct Answer- Leak channelsWhat kind of ion channel can be found in pain receptors? Correct Answer- mechanically-gated channels What refractory period causes voltage gated sodium channel activation gates are open as well as the voltage gated potassium channels are opening and then sodium channels are inactivating? Correct Answer- absolute refractory period Sodium channels are ______ and potassium channels are ________ during the relative refractory period ? Correct Answer- closed, open What do we classify based on amount of myelination, diameters, and propagation speeds? Correct Answer- Nerve fibers What is the largest nerve fiber? Correct Answer- A fibers What do you call a synapse that goes from an axon to cell body? Correct Answer- axosomatic What do you call a synapse between 2 axons? Correct Answer- axoaxonic Synchronization and faster communications are advantages of what? Correct Answer- electrical synapses Voltage gated channels are located on which synaptic neuron? Correct Answer- the presynaptic neuron An ISPS is a __________________potential Correct Answer- hyperpoalrizing What kind of receptor contain a NT binding site and an ion channel from the same protein? Correct Answer- Ionotropic receptor What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters? Correct Answer- small-molecule NT & neuropeptideafter an injury to a process of a normal peripheral neuron the nissel bodies break down into fine granular masses, what is this called? Correct Answer- chromatolysis The _____________________ is the space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal Correct Answer- epidural space What are the sub layers of the meninges? Correct Answer- subdural space and subarachnoid space What part of the spinal cord contains somatic motor nuclei which provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles? Correct Answer- the anterior (ventral) gray horns Which gray horns contain autonomic motor nuclei which regulate activity of cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands? Correct Answer- the lateral gray horns Dermatomes are areas of skin that provide sensory input to the CNS via the posterior roots of one pair of spinal nerves via the __________ nerve. Correct Answer- trigeminal (V) direct motor pathways cause _________ movements Correct Answer- voluntary What are the 5 parts of a reflex arc? Correct Answer- 1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neruon 3. integrating center 4. motor neuron 5. effector What do you call an arrangement where sensiry nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which the motor nerve impulses leave it? Correct Answer- Ipsilateral reflex What reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation Correct Answer- tendon reflexWhat are these the functions of ? 1. mechanical protection 2. homeostatic function 3. circulation Correct Answer- Cerebrospinal fluid What do the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and the reticular formation make up? Correct AnswerThe brain stem What carries out these functions? -control of the ANS -production of hormones -regulation of emotion and behavioral patterns and eating and drinking - control of body temp -regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness Correct Answer- the dicephalon which consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus the pineal gland is part of the ___________ system Correct Answer- endocrine What are the roles of the epithalamus? Correct Answer- -secrets melatonin via the pineal gland -regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, hunger, and thirst _________ are folds that occur due to the gray matter of the cortex enlarging much faster than the deeper white matter Correct Answer- Gyri What kind of tract contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyris in the same hemisphere? Correct Answer- association tractswhat kind of tract contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in other cerebral hemispheres? example = corpus callosum Correct Answercommissural tracts what is the name of the distorted map of the body located in the primary somatosensory area? Correct Answer- the sensory homunculus Where is the Broca`s speech area located? Correct Answer- the frontal lobe close to the lateral cerebral sulcus What brain waves when found in an awake adult represent brain damage? Correct Answer- delta waves What brain waves disappear during sleep? Correct Answer- alpha waves What waves normally occur in people experiencing with emotional stress or disorders? Correct Answertheta waves How many cranial special sensory nerves are there? Correct Answer- 3 how many cranial motor nerves are there? Correct Answer- 5 How many cranial mixed nerves are there? Correct Answer- 4 These nerves carry axons of sensory neurons and are unique to the head with a cell body located in ganglia outside the brain Correct Answer- special sensory nerves ______________ is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environement Correct Answer- sensation These sensory receptors are bare dendrites that lack any structural specialization. Ex: receptors for pain, temp, itch, tickle Correct Answer- Free nerve endingsWhat kind of receptors are associated with visceral sensation such as pressure and vibration? Correct Answer- encapsulated nerve ending the sensation of hearing, visions, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature and pain are all conveyed by ______________ Correct Answer- exteroceptors Where are interoceptors found? Correct Answer- in blood vessels, v [Show More]

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