WGU C180-Introduction to Psychology, Questions with accurate answers, graded A+

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WGU C180-Introduction to Psychology, Questions with accurate answers, graded A+ Psychology - ✔✔-scientific study of the mind and behavior Mind - ✔✔-the nonphysical manifestation of the b... rain's activity Behavior - ✔✔-The outwardly observable acts of a person, either alone or in a group. Structuralism - ✔✔-a school of psychology concerned with analyzing the mind by looking at its smallest and simplest components and seeing how they fit together to form complete experiences. consciousness - ✔✔-the state of being aware of self and the world. introspection - ✔✔-the technique of observing interior mental events as or immediately after they occur Functionalism - ✔✔-A school of thought in psychology that sought to understand how the mind helps individuals adapt to the world around them and function effectively in it. natural selection - ✔✔-the theory that some individual organisms in every species, from ants to oak trees, possess characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce more fruitfully than others. adaptation - ✔✔-inborn characteristics that help an organism survive and produce many offspring. Gesalt psychologists - ✔✔-psychologists who focus on the macro psychology of the behavior of the whole rather than the micro view of the parts Gestalt Laws: Similarity - ✔✔-items that are similar, our brains group together Gestalt laws of pragnanz - ✔✔-reality is organized into the simplest form possible Gestalt Laws: Proximity - ✔✔-objects that are close to one another are grouped together. Gestalt Laws: Continuity - ✔✔-lines are seen as following the smoothest path. Gestalt Laws: Closure - ✔✔-objects grouped together are seen as a whole. unconscious - ✔✔-the condition of being unaware of the outside world and unable to bring oneself into awareness at will. defensive mechanisms - ✔✔-unconscious psychological strategies that protect a person from anxiety based on unacceptable thoughts or feelings. psychodynamic theory - ✔✔-A psychological theory that specifies that mental events are engaged in continual push-and-pull interactions among conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings; the goal is enlightenment on how such interactions affect behavior. humanistic psychology - ✔✔-a school of thought in psychology that assumes people have positive values, free will, and deep inner creativity. cognitive psychology - ✔✔-a school of thought in psychology that attempts to characterize mental events that allow information to be stored and operated on internally. According to psycho-dynamic psychology, depression is a result of - ✔✔-suppressed aggressive drives Who was a key figure of the behaviorist school of psychological thought? - ✔✔-B.F. Skinner Who was a key figure in the development of psychoanalysis? - ✔✔-Sigmund Freud Which level of need must be met before the need for belongingness and love can be satisfied, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs? - ✔✔-Physiological Suppose there is a positive correlation between age and life satisfaction.What conclusion does the correlation support? - ✔✔-As age increases, the level of life satisfaction also increases. How can psychological researchers reduce the impact of their own biases? - ✔✔-By collecting all the data from experiments before running the statistics Phineas Gage was involved in a serious railway construction accident in 1848. A steel rod went through his left cheek and exited through the top of his head. After he recovered, people who knew him noticed that his personality and behavior were different. Eventually, descriptions of Gage before and after the accident provided evidence that the frontal lobe is involved in executive functioning.Which research method does the study of Gage represent? - ✔✔-Case study Which principle should be established in any psychological study? - ✔✔-Participants should be protected from needless harm. Which part of the brain is responsible for memory? - ✔✔-hippocampus What does the cerebellum influence? - ✔✔-Balance and fine motor movement What does the hypothalamus influence? - ✔✔-Pleasure What does the hippocampus influence? - ✔✔-Memory Which structure is closely associated with reproduction in males? - ✔✔-Testes Neural impulses are able to travel the neural pathways with assistance from chemicals called neurotransmitters. What is the function of the neurotransmitter serotonin? - ✔✔-It affects mood. Neural impulses are able to travel the neural pathways with assistance from chemicals called neurotransmitters. Which neurotransmitter enables muscle action? - ✔✔-Acetylcholine Which component of the nervous system is integral in activating the body's fight-or-flight response? - ✔✔-Sympathetic nervous system A farmer drives a truck full of feed for cattle into a field. The farmer honks the horn when driving into the field. On the third day, the farmer drives into the field and honks the horn, and the cattle start moving toward the truck.Which theorist is associated with studying this type of behavior? - ✔✔-Ivan Pavlov In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, what did the dog's salivation to the ringing of the bell represent? - ✔✔-Conditioned response A firefighter hears the station alarm each time a fire is reported. Later, while fighting the fire, the firefighter's heart is racing.According to Pavlov, which learned association is most likely to develop in this scenario? - ✔✔-The firefighter learns to react emotionally in a similar way to the alarm as to the fire. A child's parents want to teach their child to use the toilet by using positive reinforcement.Which schedule of positive reinforcement would be most helpful to parents wanting to achieve rapid learning? - ✔✔-The parents should use a continuous reinforcement schedule because it can produce rapid learning. A 50-year-old person who has not ridden a bicycle since childhood gets on a bicycle and rides effortlessly without even thinking about it.What type of memory is being used in this situation? - ✔✔-Implicit memory A teenager asks a parent for help with calculus homework. The parent has not solved calculus problems in more than 20 years and remembers very little about it.Which concept corresponds to this situation? - ✔✔-Storage decay Franco has been away from his hometown in Italy for more than 30 years, but he can still paint it from memory with impressive accuracy.Which memory is Franco using? - ✔✔-Long-term memory Which type of memory holds information until it can be encoded? - ✔✔-Short-term memory Which theorist claims that personality derives from sexually charged subconscious forces? - ✔✔- Sigmund Freud Researcher Abraham Maslow claims that people strive to satisfy certain needs as they approach selfactualization.Which perspective is most closely associated with this view? - ✔✔-Humanistic In which situation is a participant most likely to conform, according to the results of Asch's study of conformity? - ✔✔-When everyone else in the group expresses the same opinion According to Freud, which concept is a component of the id? - ✔✔-Pleasure principle What did Carl Rogers say was necessary for a growth-promoting environment? - ✔✔-Unconditional positive regard What would a learning theorist characterize as an operantly conditioned behavior? - ✔✔-Using oven mitts after burning a hand on a hot stove What is an Eysenck personality dimension that is characterized by one's emotional response to stimuli? - ✔✔-Neuroticism How would a learning theorist characterize having the desire to take part in highly stimulating activities because of past reinforcement? - ✔✔-As an operantly conditioned behavior How would a learning theorist characterize a child not saying a curse word after witnessing a sibling's severe punishment for saying the curse word? - ✔✔-As an observationally learned behavior Which belief illustrates situational attribution? - ✔✔-When a vehicle suddenly moves in front of another car, the driver must have had an emergency. During a college's spirit week, students are arbitrarily assigned to two teams for a series of competitive activities. Two friends are placed on separate teams and find their friendship strains during the competition.Which phenomenon accounts for this strain? - ✔✔-Outgroup bias A person makes a donation to a charity because it feels good. The person also receives a thank-you gift and positive attention from peers.What explains this person's decision to donate? - ✔✔-Social exchange theory Loto has been approached by a member of his social club to volunteer one day a week at the local food bank, a charity that the club has decided to support. Loto is busy with his home and family but realizes that helping will increase his feelings of giving to the community and enhance how members of the club may view him. He decides to make the time in his schedule for this volunteer effort. What is this an example of, in terms of altruism? - ✔✔-Social exchange theory A group of individuals who are moderately opposed to the death penalty meet to discuss the issue. After two hours of discussion, most find themselves more strongly opposed to the death penalty than they were before the meeting.Which concept is this scenario an example of? - ✔✔-Group polarization A company's research department is under strong pressure to solve an urgent problem with one of the company's products. In their urgency, the department's executives decide to focus on one possible solution and refuse to consider alternatives.Which dynamic does this scenario best illustrate? - ✔✔- Groupthink Which term arose from research seeking to understand why a group of strangers are unlikely to help another person in a moment of need? - ✔✔-Bystander effect Attraction includes three psychological determinants. Physical attractiveness and repeated contact are two. What is the third determinant? - ✔✔-Similarity A patient regularly hears two voices conversing with each other and reports that the voices are being controlled by the CIA. The patient's speech has grown increasingly irrelevant to the situation. The patient bathes infrequently and demonstrates a reduced range of emotional expressiveness.Which mental disorder is the patient most likely suffering from? - ✔✔-Schizophrenia A patient reports experiencing intense periods of discomfort over the past month. These incidents developed abruptly and generally persist for approximately 15 minutes. The patient notes an accelerated heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense chest pain, and a fear of dying during such episodes. The patient was examined by a physician, who determined that a heart attack was not the cause of these symptoms. The patient now experiences persistent concern about having additional episodes.Which mental disorder is the patient most likely suffering from? - ✔✔-panic disorder Which disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder? - ✔✔-Social phobia Which disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder? - ✔✔-Post-traumatic stress disorder What kind of disorder is is bipolar disorder? - ✔✔-Mood disorder Which type of therapy is based on the belief that an individual's interpretation of events is what causes unhappiness, rather than unhappiness being caused by the actual events? - ✔✔-Rational-emotive therapy A therapist seeks to increase a client's self-awareness and self-acceptance, also known as personcentered therapy based on Carl Roger's theory.Which theoretical orientation is this? - ✔✔-Humanistic Using Aaron Beck's theory, a therapist focuses on how patterns of thinking influence the feelings a client experiences in reaction to an event in the client's life. The therapist seeks to help the client understand how the emotional response results from the client's interpretation of the event.Which theoretical orientation is this? - ✔✔-Cognitive A therapist is helping clients become more aware of patterns of irrational negative thinking. The therapist is encouraging the clients to replace negative thoughts with a more balanced perspective and asks them to practice this new approach between treatment sessions.Which theoretical orientation does this approach represent? - ✔✔-Cognitive-behavioral Which therapeutic approach is effectively a laboratory for improving social relationships? - ✔✔-Group therapy Which type of therapeutic drug is bipolar disorder commonly treated with? - ✔✔-Mood stabilizer What is most commonly treated with antipsychotic medications? - ✔✔-Schizophrenia Which type of therapeutic drug is Xanax? - ✔✔-Antianxiety Which type of therapeutic drug is Prozac? - ✔✔-Antidepression Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔✔-(level 1) Physiological Needs-{water, food, air} (level 2) Safety and Security {shelter & protection} , (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection {sense of belonging & love}, (level 4) Self Esteem {feeling appreciated by others}, (level 5) Cognitive Needs- {understand the world}, (level 6) Aesthetic Needs- {harmony & order}, (level 7) [Show More]

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