Strayer University, Washington PSY 110 CHAPTER 3: THE SOCIAL SELF MULTIPLE CHOICE Correctly answered Completed for 2022/2023

Document Content and Description Below

CHAPTER 3: THE SOCIAL SELF MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The “ABCs of the self” refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of these three concepts is most relevant to the idea of self-esteem? ... 2. Which of the “ABCs of the self” is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept? 3. The cocktail party effect refers to the tendency for people to 4. While talking to a friend at a noisy party, Julianna stops in the middle of a sentence and turns her head. According to the cocktail party effect, what did she probably hear? 5. The term self-concept refers to 6. Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information are called 7. Kirk is extremely politically conservative. Most information that he learns he tends to evaluate to place it on the political spectrum as either similar to his personal beliefs or different from them. Kirk is probably on politics. 8. Research using new technologies has determined that 9. When Gallup (1977) placed different species of animals in front of a mirror, it was only the great apes who 10. Developmental psychologists have shown that children begin to recognize their own image in a mirror between 11. Yulia stands in front of a mirror. She notices a red spot on the forehead of the image she sees in the mirror. She then brings her hand up to her own forehead and touches the red spot, trying to brush it off. Yulia is demonstrating ANS: A 12. According to the looking-glass model of self-concept development, the self-concept develops 13. Gallup’s research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation, they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror. This research provides support for 14. The process of reflecting on your own inner thoughts and feelings in order to gain self-knowledge is called 15. According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977), 16. Amy is frustrated with her teenage son’s recent behavior. “Why did you do that?” she asks him, with exasperation. According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977), Amy’s son will 17. Wilson (1985) found that the more people consider the reasons why they like something, 18. Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to   19. Which of the following statements concerning introspection is true? 20. During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election, Sandra states that she is certain she will be devastated for months if she isn’t elected class president. This is an example of 21. The process of predicting how one will feel in response to future events is called 22. Research regarding affective forecasting indicates that 23. The impact bias in affective forecasting refers to the phenomenon in which 24. Which of the following is a reason for the impact bias? 25. Marcia is unsure about whether Jan is her best friend. She thinks about how many times she has listened to Jan complain about her boyfriend, helped Jan study for difficult exams, and brought soup to Jan when she was sick. Marcia realizes that she speaks to Jan almost every night. After thinking about all this, Marcia concludes that Jan must be her best friend. This conclusion is based on a process described by 26. Introspection and self-perception theory make _____ predictions about the extent to which people can know themselves. 27. Goldstein and Cialdini’s 2007 study on vicarious self-perception demonstrated that 28. SOKA stands for 29. According to the SOKA model, we should know ourselves better than others on traits that are 30. Newman is having a very bad day—he overslept for his final exam, spilled coffee on himself at work, and got a speeding ticket on the way home. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what will happen if he increases tension in the facial muscles normally active during frowning? 31. According to theories regarding self-perception of emotions, what would be the likely effect of sitting at your desk slumped over in the chair with a bowed head? 32. When asked to clean his room, Miguel does so, but only after being assured by his parents that he will receive an allowance in exchange for cleaning up. Miguel’s behavior is most likely motivated by 33. Dara loves to paint in her spare time. Painting is an enjoyable activity for her. Her desire to paint may best be explained by 34. Motivation that is driven by rewards and punishments is called _____ motivation. 35. The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called 36. Josephine bought her six-year-old nephew, Joseph, a new set of paints for his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, Josephine promised Joseph $1 for every painting. Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money. According to research by Lepper and colleagues (1973) on overjustification effects, which of the following is most likely to occur? 37. A person’s spontaneous self-description can often be changed by an alteration of that person’s 38. People’s spontaneous self-descriptions are most likely to include 39. D’Brickashaw is the only man and the only African American enrolled in a women’s studies seminar. McGuire’s work on spontaneous self-descriptions suggests that compared to other contexts, in this specific situation, D’Brickashaw will be more likely to mention his ____ in his self-description. 40. Marion is a sprinter on her high school track team. According to social comparison theory, Marion is most likely to look to which of the following groups to assess how fast a sprinter she is? 41. According to social comparison theory, people are most likely to compare themselves to others who are 42. According to Festinger, social comparison is less likely to occur   43. Schachter (1959) found that participants expecting to receive painful electric shocks preferred the company of others who were in the same situation. These results suggest that 44. Schachter (1959) examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks. He found that these participants preferred to wait in a room 45. The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotional experience 46. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, social context most directly affects 47. On his first day of class, Professor Saccamano thinks he is nervous because his blood pressure is up and his hands are shaking. He continues to feel this way, however, before every class meeting of the semester, and eventually realizes that his arousal is due to the five flights of stairs he must climb up to the classroom. Which theory best explains his misattribution? 48. People’s recollection of a sequence of events that directly touched their lives is called   49. In terms of autobiographical memory, to what does the phrase “reminiscence peak” refer? 50. Herman remembers exactly what he was doing and where he was when he first heard about the September 11th terrorist attacks. Brown and Kulik (1977) would refer to this vivid image as 51. Jason fills out an application for college with the grades he remembered getting throughout high school. While reviewing the application with a guidance counselor, the counselor points out that Jason seems to have inflated a few of his lower grades. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Jason’s behavior? 52. A husband and wife are asked to estimate how much each of them contributes to the household chores. Based on the research concerning autobiographical memory, which of the following patterns of results is most probable? 53. Rebecca fills out a survey in which she asserts complete agreement with the statement, “I enjoy being unique and different from others.” With which cultural orientation does she most likely identify?   54. April was born and raised in an Eastern culture. She is more likely than people raised in Western cultures to 55. Jomei feels that he cannot be happy if his family is not happy. Jomei has an _____ view of self. 56. Cross-cultural research indicates that Americans are more likely than Asians to 57. According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), people from collectivist cultures are more likely than those from individualist cultures to 58. Research by Kim and Markus (1999) shows that people from individualist versus collectivist cultures tend to prefer 59. Multilingual American and Japanese citizens are asked to describe themselves. Which of the following groups is least likely to focus on group affiliations?   60. Dialecticism, a concept grounded in Eastern traditions, can best be defined as 61. When Maria, a Latin American student, is asked to describe herself in one word during her college interview, she wants to truly express her Latina culture. Which of the following characteristics is she most likely to emphasize? 62. English and Chen’s (2007) study of college students of European and Asian descent found that 63. Twenge and colleagues (2012) found that American culture is 64. Self-esteem is all of the following except 65. In sociometer theory, the sociometer is a 66. The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem is called 67. According to terror management theory, to mute the defensive and anxious response that most people have when confronted with the thought of their own death, one should experience 68. Following a school shooting event, most people are confronted with the reality that their safety cannot be guaranteed, and that their own death at any moment is quite possible. According to terror management theory, which individual below will feel the least anxious in response to this sort of confrontation? 69. Consuela has a positive self-image. She is likely to do all of the following except 70. Which of the following does not appear to be associated with low self-esteem? 71. Which of the following is not a potential cost of the pursuit of self-esteem, as identified by Crocker and Park (2004)?   72. William Swann and others (2007) found that people with specific domains of self-esteem benefit in what ways? 73. Males tend to have _____ self-esteem than females, and this difference is quite _____. 74. According to Twenge and Crocker (2002), 75. Higgins’s (1979) self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an “actual self,” an “ought self,” and an “ideal self.” According to Higgins, discrepancies between the ________ self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of ________. 76. According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions, such as anxiety or depression, is often caused by the 77. Jenna is fairly high-strung. This attribute conflicts more with Jenna’s ideal self than with her ought self. Jenna is more likely to experience ______ than she is to experience ______. 78. According to self-discrepancy theory, the disorder most likely to develop from a discrepancy between the actual self and the ought self is 79. Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self? 80. Which person will experience the greatest negative emotional consequence to self-discrepancy? 81. According to self-awareness theory, which of the following behaviors is least likely to draw attention to self-discrepancies? 82. Higher levels of self-awareness often 83. When people are self-focused, they   84. Baumeister (1991) suggests that drug abuse, sexual masochism, spiritual ecstasy, binge eating, and suicide may all be attempts to 85. Hideo tends to be very hard on himself, thinking he doesn’t live up to his goals, but when drunk, he usually feels a lot better about himself. Hideo is probably experiencing 86. Jimmy always calls Connor to discuss the latest new music. If Jimmy disapproves of a band Connor is listening to or suggests a band for Connor to listen to, Connor always runs out to by the album Jimmy mentioned. Connor is probably 87. Thinking about God triggers a state of self-focus for individuals who have 88. A highly religious person who is primed to think about God will 89. The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges is called   90. Which of the following statements is most consistent with Muraven and Baumeister’s (2000) theory of self-control? 91. Anquan is frustrated by the incompetence of his professor during class today, and it takes a great deal of effort for him to refrain from standing up during the lecture to tell her she does not know what she is talking about. According to Muraven and Baumeister’s (2000) theory of self-control, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur? 92. What physical symptom did Gailliot (2007) show to occur during acts of self-regulation? 93. Which of the following is a psychological intervention that counteracts self-regulation fatigue? 94. Which of the following statements about ironic processes of mental self-control is false?   95. Carrie is trying to remain faithful to her boyfriend, but his roommate is highly attractive to her, and she thinks he likes her, too. Carrie has little willpower over her desire to be with her boyfriend’s roommate. Given the research regarding ironic processes, Carrie is most likely to think about the boyfriend’s roommate if she tells herself 96. Research has consistently demonstrated that when it comes to perceptions of the self, people have a tendency to 97. Karen and Kolton named their son Kevin. Sarah and Sam named their daughter Susan. Mia and Mike named their son Mark. These naming patterns illustrate the phenomenon of 98. People enhance their self-esteem in all of the following ways except 99. Which of the following is not a self-serving tendency used to enhance self-esteem? ronin and colleagues (2006) indicates that imagining an event before it occurs can lead people to a. take credit for influencing the event. b. exhibit more accurate memory for the event. c. overcome the illusion of mental causation. d. suppress unwanted thoughts about the event. 101. Carlos is nervous about giving a class presentation because he doesn’t think he can communicate very well with everyone watching him. If Carlos attempts to deal with his anxiety by self-handicapping, he will most likely 102. Prior to the championship basketball game, Jocelyn reminds everyone that she really isn’t as good a player as everyone thinks, that their opponent has had an undefeated season, and that it is unlikely she and her teammates will triumph. Jocelyn is engaging in 103. A young boy is an avid Mets fan. He reads the statistics for the team in the newspaper every day and goes to Shea Stadium a couple of times each summer to see the Mets play. After the Mets have a particularly bad losing streak, the boy decides that he also likes the Yankees and starts to root for them. This is an example of 104. The tendency for people to think of those worse off than themselves when faced with difficulties of their own is called 105. Someone victimized by a crime, disease, or other tragic life event is likely to 106. Research on social comparison shows that 107. Which of the following is an example of a temporal comparison that would enhance self-esteem? 108. Research on positive illusions shows that 109. Taylor and Brown (1988) suggest that people are more likely to have realistic views of themselves when they are 110. The need for positive self-regard is _____; the drive toward self-enhancement is _____. 111. Erving Goffman (1959) argued that life was much like a theater and that people act out various roles. Goffman’s ideas are clearly evident in the social psychological study of 112. In the company of liberals, Mitt expresses favorable attitudes toward abortion and gay marriage; in the company of conservatives, he expresses negative attitudes toward these same issues. Mitt’s behavior exemplifies   113. The type of self-presentational strategy that describes acts motivated to establish one’s competence is 114. Supriya considers it more important for her new boss to value her skills than to like her. The self-presentational strategy she is most likely to use is 115. When a person wants to be liked more than they want to be perceived as competent, which self-presentation strategy should be employed? 116. Which of the following is an example of ingratiation? 117. Research indicates that people with high self-esteem tend to seek out partners who view them positively. Such a finding is an example of 118. The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called   119. Alex changes his behavior in response to self-presentation concerns and various situations, exhibiting a high level of 120. An individual who tends to self-verify is more likely to be _______ than is an individual who does not. 121. Compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors are more likely to 122. Research on self-monitoring generally suggests that 123. One of the benefits of high self-monitoring is that such individuals tend to be 124. The positive side of low self-monitoring is being ____, but the negative side of that is being _____. 125. William James’ claim that the self was complex and multifaceted has _____ modern research. [Show More]

Last updated: 2 years ago

Preview 1 out of 18 pages