BIO 325 – MIDTERM 1 NOTES
CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1
An Introduction to the Human Body
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
1.define the terms anatomy and physiology.
2.define the following lev
...
BIO 325 – MIDTERM 1 NOTES
CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1
An Introduction to the Human Body
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
1.define the terms anatomy and physiology.
2.define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system
and organism.
3.identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and
describe the major functions of each system.
4.identify the basic life processes of the human body.
5.define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis.
6.describe the components of a feedback system.
7.compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.
8.explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease.
9.describe the anatomical position, and compare common and anatomical terms used to
describe various regions of the human body.
10.define the terms describing directions and anatomical planes used in association with the
human body.
11.list, by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them.
Keywords and Topics
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you
understand the significance of each of the concepts.
1.Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
A.Anatomy – the science of the body structures and the relationships among them (ana =
up, tomy = cutting)
B.Dissection –the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
(dis=apart, section=act of cutting)
C.Physiology – the science of body functions – how the body works (physio = nature, logy
= study of)
2.Define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system,
and organism.
A.chemical level
I. atom – smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
II. molecule – two or more atoms joined together
B.cellular level
I. cell – molecules form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of
an organism that are composed of chemicals
C.tissue level
I. tissue – are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work
together to perform a particular function
D.organ level
I. organ –composed of two or more tissues, they have specific functions and
recognizable shapes
E.system level
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I. system – consists of related organs with a common function
F.organismal level
I. organism—all the parts of the human body functioning together
Chemical level (letter)—includes atoms and molecules (two atoms joined together) examples
are C, H, O, N, Ca, S, molecules are DNA or glucose
Cellular level (word)—molecules combine to form cells (smallest living unit of the human
body) examples are muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells
Tissue level (sentence)—are groups of cells and the material around them that work together
to perform a particular function. Examples are epithelial tissue (covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs and cavities and forms glands), connective tissue (connects, supports, and
protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues), muscle tissue (contracts
to make body parts move and generates heat), and nervous tissue (carries information from
one part of the body to another through nerve impulses)
Organ level (paragraphs)—different types of tissues are joined together (organs are
structures composed of two or more types of tissues, they have specific functions and
recognizable shapes).
System level (chapters)—consists of related organs with a common function. Sometimes an
organ can be part of more than one system (ex: pancreas is a part of the digestive system and
the endocrine system)
Organismal level (book)—all the parts of the human body functioning together.
3.Identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and
describe the major functions of each system.
A.systems:
integumentary—components are skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. Function is
protecting body, help regulate temperature, eliminates some waste, helps make vit d,
detects sensations such as pain, touch, warmth and cold, stores fat and provides
insulation
skeletal—components are bones and joints and cartilages. Function is to support and
protect body, provides surface area for muscles to attach, aids body movements,
houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids.
Muscular—components are skeletal muscle tissue (usually attached to bones). Function
is body movements (ex walking), maintains posture and produces heat
Nervous—components are the brain spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs like
eyes and ears. Function is to generate action potentials to regulate body activates,
detect changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes and
responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Endocrine—components are hormone producing glands (ex pineal gland,
hypothalamus, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, thymus, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries and testes, as well as hormone-producing cells in several other
organs. Functions are to regulate body activities by releasing hormones (chemical
messengers transported in blood from endocrine glad or tissue to target organ.
Cardiovascular—components are blood, heart, and blood vessels. Function that heart
pumps blood through vessels, blood carries O2 and nutrients to cells and CO2 and
wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water
content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair
damaged blood vessels.
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