Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering G L Asawa | Ebook PDF
INTRODUCTION
1—37
1.1 Irrigation .......................................................................................................................
...
Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering G L Asawa | Ebook PDF
INTRODUCTION
1—37
1.1 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Impact of Irrigation on Human Environment ............................................................ 2
1.3 Water Resources of India ............................................................................................. 4
1.4 Need of Irrigation in India ........................................................................................... 9
1.5 Development of Irrigation in India ............................................................................ 10
1.6 Major and Medium Irrigation Schemes of India ...................................................... 12
1.7 Minor Irrigation .......................................................................................................... 15
1.8 Command Area Development .................................................................................... 15
1.9 Planning of Irrigation Projects ................................................................................... 17
1.10 Crops and Crop Seasons ............................................................................................. 28
Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 36
References .................................................................................................................... 36
2. HYDROLOGY
38—91
2.1 Hydrology .................................................................................................................... 38
2.2 Hydrologic Cycle ......................................................................................................... 38
2.3 Precipitation ................................................................................................................ 40
2.4 Abstraction from Precipitation .................................................................................. 56
2.5 Runoff .......................................................................................................................... 57
2.6 Stream Flow ................................................................................................................ 60
2.7 Hydrographs ................................................................................................................ 68
2.8 Floods ........................................................................................................................... 84
Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 90
References .................................................................................................................... 91
3. SOIL-WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION METHODS
92—120
3.1 Soils .............................................................................................................................. 92
3.2 Physical Properties of Soil .......................................................................................... 93
3.3 Chemical Properties of Soil ........................................................................................ 95
3.4 Soil-Water Relationships ............................................................................................ 96
3.5 Root-Zone Soil Water .................................................................................................. 99
3.6 Infiltration ................................................................................................................. 102
3.7 Consumptive Use (or Evapotranspiration) ............................................................. 104
3.8 Irrigation Requirement ............................................................................................ 108
3.9 Frequency of Irrigation............................................................................................. 110
3.10 Methods of Irrigation ................................................................................................ 112
3.11 Quality of Irrigation Water ...................................................................................... 118
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 119
References .................................................................................................................. 120
4. GROUND WATER AND WELLS
121—164
4.1 Ground Water Resources .......................................................................................... 121
4.2 Well Irrigation........................................................................................................... 122
4.3 Occurrence of Ground Water ................................................................................... 123
4.4 Flow of Water through Porous Media...................................................................... 127
4.5 Well Hydraulics ......................................................................................................... 128
4.6 Ground Water Exploration....................................................................................... 139
4.7 Pumping Tests (or Aquifer Tests) ............................................................................ 143
4.8 Design of Water Wells .............................................................................................. 145
4.9 Methods of Well Construction .................................................................................. 150
4.10 Well Completion ........................................................................................................ 156
4.11 Development of Wells ............................................................................................... 157
4.12 Pumping Equipment for Water Wells ..................................................................... 160
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 163
References .................................................................................................................. 164
5. CANAL IRRIGATION
165—225
5.1 Canals ........................................................................................................................ 165
5.2 Command Areas ........................................................................................................ 167
5.3 Planning of an Irrigation Canal System ................................................................. 167
5.4 Alignment of Irrigation Canals ................................................................................ 169
5.5 Curves in Canals ....................................................................................................... 172
5.6 Duty of Water ............................................................................................................ 172
5.7 Canal Losses .............................................................................................................. 173
5.8 Estimation of Design Discharge of a Canal ............................................................ 174
5.9 Canal Outlets ............................................................................................................ 175
5.10 Canal Regulation ...................................................................................................... 187
5.11 Delivery of Water to Farms ...................................................................................... 188
5.12 Flow Measurement ................................................................................................... 192
5.13 Assessment of Charges of Irrigation Water ............................................................ 207
5.14 Waterlogging ............................................................................................................. 208
5.15 Drainage of Irrigated Lands ..................................................................................... 219
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 224
References .................................................................................................................. 224
6. MANAGEMENT OF CANAL IRRIGATION IN INDIA
226—251
6.1 Need for Canal Irrigation Management.................................................................. 226
6.2 Inadequacies of Canal Irrigation Management ...................................................... 229
6.3 Objectives and Criteria for Good Canal Irrigation Management .......................... 230
6.4 Methods for Improving Canal Irrigation Management.......................................... 232
6.5 Operation and Maintenance of Canal Irrigation Systems ..................................... 242
6.6 Evaluation of Performance of Canal Irrigation Systems ....................................... 248
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 249
References .................................................................................................................. 250
7. HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS
252—277
7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 252
7.2 Incipient Motion of Sediment................................................................................... 252
7.3 Regimes of Flow ........................................................................................................ 257
7.4 Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels ................................................................. 262
7.5 Transport of Sediment.............................................................................................. 269
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 275
References .................................................................................................................. 276
8. DESIGN OF STABLE CHANNELS
278—316
8.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 278
8.2 Rigid Boundary Channels carrying Clear Water .................................................... 278
8.3 Rigid Boundary Channels carrying Sediment-laden Water .................................. 284
8.4 Alluvial Channels Carrying Clear Water ................................................................ 285
8.5 Alluvial Channels Carrying Sediment-laden Water .............................................. 289
8.6 Procedure for Design of Irrigation Channels .......................................................... 303
8.7 Borrow Pits, Spoil Banks, and Land Width for Irrigation Channel ...................... 311
8.8 Sediment Distribution in an Alluvial Channel ....................................................... 314
8.9 Silting and Berming of Channels ............................................................................. 315
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 316
References .................................................................................................................. 316
9. SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSIDERATIONS
FOR DESIGN OF CANAL STRUCTURES
317—351
9.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 317
9.2 Hydraulic Jump ........................................................................................................ 317
9.3 Seepage Forces .......................................................................................................... 334
16. GRAVITY DAMS
535—561
16.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 535
16.2 Forces on a Gravity Dam .......................................................................................... 535
16.3 Causes of Failure of a Gravity Dam ........................................................................ 540
16.4 Stress Analysis in Gravity Dams ............................................................................. 542
16.5 Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam...................................................................... 546
16.6 Design of Gravity Dams ........................................................................................... 548
16.7 Foundation Treatment ............................................................................................. 554
16.8 Mass Concrete for Dams........................................................................................... 555
16.9 Structural Joints ....................................................................................................... 557
16.10 Keys and Water Seals ............................................................................................... 557
16.11 Galleries..................................................................................................................... 559
16.12 Instrumentation ........................................................................................................ 559
16.13 Outlets ....................................................................................................................... 559
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 560
References .................................................................................................................. 561
17. SPILLWAYS
562—599
17.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 562
17.2 Flood Routing ............................................................................................................ 563
17.3 Components of Spillway ........................................................................................... 570
17.4 Types of Spillways .................................................................................................... 571
17.5 Terminal Structures for Spillways .......................................................................... 590
17.6 Types of Gates for Spillway Crests .......................................................................... 595
17.7 Cavitation Erosion of Spillway Surface ................................................................... 597
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 598
References .................................................................................................................. 599
Appendix 1. Interlinking of Rivers in India ................................................................... 601
Author Index .................................................................................................................... 605
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