Stroke Nursing Second Edition Edited by JANE WILLIAMS Southern Health Foundation Trust Southampton, UK LIN PERRY University of Technology Sydney Northern Hospitals Network South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Sydney, NSW, Australia CAROLINE WATKINS University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK

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Stroke Nursing Second Edition Edited by JANE WILLIAMS Southern Health Foundation Trust Southampton, UK LIN PERRY University of Technology Sydney Northern Hospitals Network South Eastern Sy... dney Local Health District Sydney, NSW, Australia CAROLINE WATKINS University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK 1 Setting the Scene 1 Caroline Watkins and Dominique Cadilhac 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Stroke Epidemiology 2 1.3 Cost Burden 3 1.4 Stroke Policy 4 1.5 Stroke Management Strategies 8 1.6 Research and Education 11 1.7 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 What Is a Stroke? 19 Anne W. Alexandrov 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Stroke Classification 20 2.3 Risk Factors for Stroke 22 2.4 Anatomy, Physiology, and Related Stroke Clinical Findings 23 2.5 Standardised Instruments for Acute Neurological Assessment 41 2.6 Conclusion 44 References 50 3 Reducing the Risk of Stroke 53 Josephine Gibson and Stephanie Jones 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Primary Prevention 55 3.3 Primary Prevention – Medical Considerations 56 3.4 Secondary Medical Prevention After TIA or Stroke 59 3.5 Interventions for Secondary Prevention After TIA or Recovered Stroke 63 3.6 Conclusion 68 References 68 4 Acute Stroke Nursing Management 75 Anne W. Alexandrov 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Priorities in Acute Stroke Management 76 4.3 Hyper-acute Stroke Management 77 4.4 Hyper-acute Treatment of Haemorrhagic Stroke 90 4.5 Acute Stroke Management 93 4.6 Conclusion 96 References 96 5 Nutritional Aspects of Stroke Care 103 Lin Perry and Elizabeth Boaden 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Do Stroke Patients Experience Nutritional Problems Pre-Stroke? 106 5.3 How Does Stroke Affect Dietary Intake? 107 5.4 How Can Stroke Patients Be Helped to Maintain Adequate Dietary Intake? 119 5.5 Conclusion 132 References 133 6 Oral Care After Stroke 143 Mary Lyons 6.1 Introduction 144 6.2 Oral Assessment 145 6.3 Management and Care 146 6.4 Patient and Carer Perspective 147 6.5 Conclusion 148 References 148 7 Communication 153 Jane Marshall, Katerina Hilari, Madeline Cruice, and Kirsty Harrison 7.1 Introduction 154 7.2 Aphasia 155 7.3 Dysarthria and Apraxia of Speech 160 7.4 Right-Hemisphere Damage (RHD) Communication Deficit 163 7.5 Language Minorities 165 7.6 What Can SLTs Contribute in Acute Stroke Care? 166 7.7 Psychological Issues and Quality of Life 169 7.8 Conclusion 171 References 171 8 Management of Physical Impairments Post-Stroke 177 Cherry Kilbride, Rosie Kneafsey, and Vicky Kean 8.1 Introduction 178 8.2 Movement 179 8.3 Promoting Physical Activity and Movement After Stroke 180 8.4 Promoting Early Rehabilitation 184 8.5 Re-education of Movement 188 8.6 Management of the Upper Limb 192 8.7 Patients’ Perspectives on Early Physical Rehabilitation 195 8.8 Conclusion 195 References 196 9 Rehabilitation and Recovery Processes 203 Jane Williams and Julie Pryor 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Understanding Rehabilitation 204 9.3 Initiation of Rehabilitation 207 9.4 Nursing’s Rehabilitation Role 208 9.5 Outcomes of Rehabilitation 210 9.6 Goal–Directed Rehabilitation 210 9.7 Recovery Processes 212 9.8 Transfer to Rehabilitation 214 9.9 Rehabilitation Provision 216 9.10 Length of Rehabilitation 219 9.11 Adjustment to Life After Stroke 220 9.12 Conclusion 221 References 222 10 Promoting Continence 229 Kathryn Getliffe and Lois Thomas 10.1 Introduction 230 10.2 Prevalence and Causes of Continence Problems Post-Stroke 230 10.3 Importance of Continence Care 231 10.4 Bladder Function and Dysfunction 233 10.5 Main Types of UI 234 10.6 Transient Causes of UI 236 10.7 Assessment of UI and Bladder Dysfunction 236 10.8 Treatment Strategies and Care Planning for UI 242 10.9 Management and Containment of Incontinence 247 10.10 Bowel Problems and Care 249 10.11 Conclusion 254 References 255 11 Emotional and Cognitive Changes Following a Stroke 259 Peter Knapp and Elizabeth Lightbody 11.1 Introduction 260 11.2 Psychological Reactions to the Onset of Stroke 260 11.3 Coping with Stroke 261 11.4 Depression 261 11.5 Conclusion 274 References 274 12 Stroke and Palliative Care 281 Clare Thetford, Munirah Bangee, Elizabeth Lightbody, and Caroline Watkins 12.1 Introduction 282 12.2 Specific Challenges in Stroke 283 12.3 Tools to Support Palliative Care 286 12.4 Case Studies 291 12.5 Discussion 294 12.6 Conclusion 296 References 296 13 Minimally Responsive Stroke Patients 301 Elaine Pierce 13.1 Introduction 302 13.2 Definitions 302 13.3 Assessment and Diagnosis 303 13.4 Management and Care 308 13.5 Locked-In Syndrome 314 13.6 Conclusion 318 References 319 14 Longer-Term Support for Survivors of Stroke and Their Carers 323 Judith Redfern, Clare Gordon, and Dominique Cadilhac 14.1 Introduction 324 14.2 Longer-Term Consequences of Stroke, Informal Care and Costs 325 14.3 The Need for Support 325 14.4 Responsibilities of Health and Social Care Professionals 330 14.5 Identifying Those at Risk 331 14.6 Interventions to Support Stroke Survivors and Carers 334 14.7 Supporting Working-Age Survivors of Stroke 338 14.8 Conclusion 339 References 340 [Show More]

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