NR 602 PEDIATRIC STUDY TOPICS GUIDE FOR NURSING SCHOOL STUDENTS, GRADED AUpper tract: Pathology frequently causes noisy breathing, snoring, stridor, and musical
or wheezing tracheal breath sounds and can be a source
...
NR 602 PEDIATRIC STUDY TOPICS GUIDE FOR NURSING SCHOOL STUDENTS, GRADED AUpper tract: Pathology frequently causes noisy breathing, snoring, stridor, and musical
or wheezing tracheal breath sounds and can be a source of referred breath sounds
- Lower tract: Pathology is suggested by fine crackles, coarse crackles, rhonchus, pleural
friction rub, wheezing, and bronchial breath sounds
1. Respiratory Infections
a. Sinusitis- see below
b. Pneumonia- see below
c. Bronchitis- see below
d. Croup-see below
e. RSV- see below
f. Diphtheria
i. is a rare infection of the respiratory tract caused by toxigenic strains of
gram-positive C. diphtheria
ii. spread by respiratory droplets as well as contact with skin lesions, no
cases since 2003, bacteria sheds for 2-6 weeks.
iii. Although rare, fomites can act as a vehicle of transmission; and raw milk
and milk products can transmit C. diphtheriae. Asymptomatic carriers can
transmit the organism. The incubation period averages from 2 to 7 days
but occasionally can be longer (
iv. Infection is associated with a history of low-grade fever and gradual onset
of symptoms over 1 to 2 days with bacterial shedding for 2 to 6 weeks if
untreated. Fully immunized individuals can carry the bacteria
asymptomatically and may present with a mild sore throat.
v. Primary Infection: Low-grade fever, Grayish, adherent pseudomembrane
found in either the nasopharynx, pharynx, or trachea, Bloody nasal
discharge (with membranous pharyngitis is highly suggestive of
diphtheria) Sore throat, serosanguineous or seropurulent nasal discharge,
hoarseness, cough Cutaneous lesions (nonhealing ulcers with dirty gray
membrane or colonization of preexisting dermatoses) infected with
diphtheria (seen less often) Extensive neck swelling with cervical
lymphadenitis, causing airway obstruction (due to membranous
obstruction of the upper airway) Possible otic and/or conjunctival
infection findings: Clinical indications of toxin production include the
following: myocarditis and electrocardiographic changes, respiratory
compromise, cranial nerve and local neuropathies, and peripheral
neuritis.
vi. A confirmatory diagnosis is based on a positive culture of C.
diphtheriae. Specimens should be obtained from the nose, throat, any
[Show More]