Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide
Chapter 1
Atrophy:
Decrease in the size of cells
Results in reduced tissue mass
Common causes: reduced use of the tissue (in cast), insufficient nutrition, decrease neurologic or
...
Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide
Chapter 1
Atrophy:
Decrease in the size of cells
Results in reduced tissue mass
Common causes: reduced use of the tissue (in cast), insufficient nutrition, decrease neurologic or
hormonal stimulation, aging
Hypertrophy:
Increase in cell size
Results in enlarged tissue mass; ex) enlarged heart w/ heart failure
Causes: additional work by the tissue( lifting weights), excessive hormonal stimulation
Hyperplasia:
Increased number of cells
Results in enlarged tissue mass ex) uterus in pregnancy
Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic when there is a
hormonal imbalance
Metaplasia:
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue
Dysplasia:
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change
Anaplasia:
Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
Characteristic of cancer
Neoplasia:
New growth
Commonly called tumor
Causes of cell death:
1. Ischemia: Most common cause of cell death; Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue
or organ due to circulation obstruction
2. Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in tissues/blood; Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular
metabolism
3. Physical damage: extreme heat/ cold
4. Mechanical damage: pressure, tumor, obstruction
5. Chemical toxins: exogenous-pollution endogenous-free radicals
6. Microorganisms/pathogens -bacteria/viruses
Stages
1. Initial: start; loss of function; reversible
2. Irreversible: Cell death
Aptosis:
Normal; refers to programmed cell death
Necrosis:
Group of cells die due to cell injury
Gangrene:
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
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