Environmental epidemiology According to the text, environment epidemiology is the study of diseases and health conditions as they occur in the population in relation to environmental factors (Friis, 2012). Environmental
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Environmental epidemiology According to the text, environment epidemiology is the study of diseases and health conditions as they occur in the population in relation to environmental factors (Friis, 2012). Environmental epidemiologist focuses on environmental involuntary exposures and factors that affect health outcomes. Examples include chemical and physical agents, microbiological pathogens and social conditions that can affect the environment, involuntary exposure such as second hand smoke and effects of climate (Gordis, 2014)Natural experiment Friis, 2012 defined Natural experiment as a naturally occurring condition in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed causal factor in a situation resembling an actual experiment where human subjects are randomly allocated to groups. Descriptive epidemiologyDescriptive epidemiology describes the occurrence of diseases in a certain population by means of classification either by person, place and time (Friis, 2012). It is always important to study where and how an outbreak is occurring in the environment. It answers the questions: Who, what and why by outlining a systematic method in investigating an outbreak. Odds ratio (OR) It is the strength of association between exposure and outcome used in case-control studies (Friis, 2012). An example will be the odds of the event in one group (Those exposed to air pollutants) divided by the odds of the event in another group not exposed. Relative risk (RR)It is the ratio of the possibility of an event occurring in an exposed group to the probability ofthe event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group (Gordis, 2014). An example will be calculating the RR of myocardial infarctions in those who smoke cigarettes compared with those who do not.
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