Patho_RUA_Diabetes Mellitus.

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NR283 - Pathophysiology Patho_RUA_Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, or type 2 diabetes, is a metabolic disorder involving abnormal blood sugar (glucose) levels. It is o ... ne of the most common diseases worldwide. Diabetes Mellitus is a long-term disorder that impacts the circulatory, immune and nervous systems due to high blood glucose levels. The pancreas has islets of Langerhans, containing beta cells which are insulin- secreting cells (Editor, 2019). The particular reaso of the circumstance Diabetes Mellitus occur is that the pancreas generates little to no insulin, or the pancreas creates insulin, but the body does not accept produced insulin, this disorder is called insulin resistance. In the human body, cells generate energy from food and/or drinks, which is broken down into simple sugars which is named glucose. Glucose supply energy according to the body’s needs. Without insulin, the body, or the main key, blood sugar cannot access into body’s cells to use it for energy. Therefore, high amounts of glucose is streaming into the circulatory system, causing the sugar levels to increase. The term for this disorder is called hyperglycemia, which is high glucose levels in the blood (Diabetes Mellitus, 2018). According to the World Health Organization, diabetes mellitus is the 7th leading cause of death, and diabetes mellitus prevalence is increasing in low-income and middle-income countries (Diabetes, 2020). Etiology and risk factors The causes of diabetes mellitus are excessive body weight, or obesity, and poor physical activity. The imbalances between insulin levels and sensitivity cause insulin disorder. Type 2 diabetes affects mostly middle-aged and older adults diagnosed with hyperglycemia caused by a poor healthy lifestyle (Sapra & Bhandari, 2020). Risk factors for developing diabetes mellitus Such as ethnicity background, family history, obesity, and inactivity. Type 2 diabetes has equal prevalence on women and men in most populations. Behavioral, socioeconomic, and demographic factors are great predictors for diabetes mellitus. Healthy lifestyle choices are influenced by family, peers, and educational resources available (Dendup et al., 2018) Pathophysiological processes Glucose is one of the important sources of energy in the human body because it is mainly acquired from carbohydrates, which are broken down into energy (glucose). The normal body function in a healthy individual is that when there is an increase in blood sugar, insulin-secreting cells (beta cells from the pancreas) release insulin. The goal of insulin is to stimulate cells to capture, or trap, glucose wandering in the blood. A person with hyperglycemia (blood sugar levels above 180 mg/dL), has impaired response of insulin, this demonstrates that cells do not open the channels for glucose to enter cells. Therefore, the body responds by increasing glucagon (a hormone implicating glucose, secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas) which promotes an increase of glucose. Obesity and inadequate physical activity contribute significantly to this metabolic disorder (Sapra & Bhandari, 2020). Clinical manifestations/complications The early manifestations of diabetes mellitus are increased thirst (polydipsia), increased hunger (polyphagia), dry mouth, prevalent urination (polyuria), blurred vision. Diabetes type 2 is also associated with augmentation of heart diseases, such as high blood pressure and atherosclerosis (narrowing of blood vessels). If untreated properly, diabetes mellitus can lead to kidney failure. And eye damage such as cataracts, it may also damage blood vessels on the retina (Sapra & Bhandari, 2020). Diagnostic Normal fasting glucose is 100 mg/dL. Pre-diabetes is 5.7 - 6.4 %. Elevated fasting glucose levels are above than 126 mg/dL, or randomly over 200 mg/dL. Also, elevated hemoglobin A1C of 6.5 % or more indicates diabetes mellitus is present. A1C should be tested, or performed in a laboratory. There is no cure for diabetes, but can be managed and controlled by balancing meal intake, taking instructed medication, and adding physical activity, and by controlling blood pressure. Monitoring fasting glucose levels at home, and keep routine primary care provider as recommended (Sapra & Bhandari, 2020). References Editor. (2019, January 15). Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes.co.uk The Global Diabetes Community. https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-mellitus.html. Dendup, T., Feng, X., Clingan, S., & Astell-Burt, T. (2018, January 5). Environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800177/. Diabetes. (2020, June 8). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/detail/diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus (2018, October 2). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/ health/diseases/7104-diabetes-mellitus-an-overview . Sapra, A., & Bhandari, P. (2020, November 19). Diabetes Mellitus. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551501/. [Show More]

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