HIST 1010 Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic World,100% CORRECT

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1. The rise of a second wave civilization a. Age of “second wave civilizations” i. Bronze Age Collapse and simultaneous fall of “first wave civilizations (ca. 1000 B.C.E.) 1. Civilizations de ... cline and disappear 2. People cease to write 3. Economic/political crisis ii. Rise of “second wave civilizations” (ca. 500 B.C.E.) 1. 2nd group of civilizations that take the place of the first wave civilizations 2. Ancient Greece is an example of a 2nd wave civilization iii. Spread of civilization, “wisdom traditions,” growing trade/cultural contacts, new technologies 1. Spread of civilization to new areas a. People begin to write i. Ex) Ancient Greece and Rome b. Wisdom traditions: world religions and philosophies that will have an impact later in the future i. Christianity c. Axial age?- time of philosophy and religious thinking 2. More contact between cultures – growing trade and innovation a. Construction b. Gunpowder b. The rise and fall of a “first wave civilization” i. Greece’s position in the ancient world ii. Palace societies and Mycenaean (A Greek culture) culture 1. (Linear B records) a. A Greek system of writing iii. Bronze Age Collapse, disappearance of Mycenaean culture, and the Aegean Dark Ages (1200-800 B.C.E.) 1. During the Bronze Age Collapse, the Mycenaean culture disappears 2. “Dark Age” a. No writing or records b. People living in small groups c. Made some pottery c. Second wave civilization: the Greek Archaic Age (800-500 B.C.E.) i. Emergence of Greek city-states (polis) and a Greek cultural world 1. Polis –where we get the word politics 2. Recovery of Greece! – slow a. Return of city-states i. Fight amongst each other 3. Culture: a. All worship the same Greek gods b. Cultural uniformity regardless of the competing among city-states c. Would gather together to have festivals and compete with each other ii. Diverse forms of political organization—tyranny, oligarchy, democracy 1. New and innovative forms of political organization 2. Tyranny: rule of one man, takes power through force 3. Oligarchy: rule of a small elite, wealthy people who form a counsil 4. Democracy: self-governing cities, individual citizens can vote and make laws iii. The citizen-soldier—hoplites, and phalanxes 1. Lots of emphasis on being a citizen 2. Hoplite: heavily armored infantry a. Large shields and spears with metal tips 3. Phalanxes: formation of infantry a. The way the soldiers lined up together b. If done correctly, your shield protected you and the person next to you 4. Sense of community and equality arises 5. Part-time soldiers a. You have to be at least a little wealthy to be able to afford the armor, and not having to work full time to support yourself d. Colonization and contact with the outside world i. Greek city-states and Greek colonies 1. Overpopulation? a. Why new colonies were created – people sent elsewhere to form a new city 2. Resources? a. People want something so they go establish new colonies ii. Expansion into the Mediterranean and growth of Greek Trade 1. Italy, southern France, Anatolia (modern day Turkey), Africa, etc. 2. Known as great sea-faring people involved in trade all over the world iii. Contact and rivalry with foreign cultures—Phoenicians and Egyptians 1. Phoenicians: also active trading and sea-faring people a. Rivals with the Greeks b. Greeks learn phonetic letters from the Phoenicians 2. Egypt: was a much more advanced society a. Technology, architecture, etc. b. Greeks may have learned much of what they know from the Egyptians 2. Greece, Persia, and the Greek Classical Age(Greco-Persian War) a. Persian War and the Beginnings of Classical Greece i. Persian expansion into Anatolia and tension with Greek city-states 1. Persians take control of Anatolia – there are many Greek communities there – Greeks are angry with the Persians a. King of Sparta sends the Persian king a letter threatening him and telling him to leave Anatolia alone 2. Lots of revolts – growing tension between the Persians and the Greeks ii. Darius I invasion of Greece/defeat as Marathon (490 B.C.E.) 1. Darius I (Persian emperor) decides to take over Greece a. His first expedition is destroyed by the Greek navy – kind of a surprise victory for the Greeks iii. Xeres’ invasion (480 B.C.E.) and the Greek coalition 1. 10 years later – 2nd invasion by Xeres (Persian emperor) a. Greek coalition of city-states is formed to battle with the Persians iv. Greek victories at Salamis and Plataea (480-479 B.C.E.) 1. Salamis: defeat of the Persian navy 2. Plataea: land battle where Sparta takes the lead b. Golden Age Athens (500-400 B.C.E.) i. Rise of Athens as a leading city-state in the Persian Wars ii. Naval power and commercial prosperity 1. Powerful navy – leader of the coalition a. Its rise of power is due to their success in the battles with Persia iii. Political development from tyranny to democracy 1. Athens develops a unique form of government – provided a model for other city-states a. An assembly is held once a month in which you vote on policies – you don’t elect representatives b. Citizens can attend and propose their own laws directly iv. Athenian direct democracy—boulee (council), ecclesia (assembly), and elected officials v. Citizens, metrics, women, slaves in the “democratic” society of Athens 1. Very few people in Athens are actually citizens a. You must be wealthy, male i. 300,000 people in Athens but only about 50,000 were citizens b. Women must stay at home, out of public life 2. Metrics: Foreigners in Athens 3. Slave society in Athens – there were about 100,000 slaves a. Carried out public functions of the city – did the wealthy peoples dirty work c. Athenian culture and the tradition of Greek rationalism i. Importance of the Assembly and public speaking 1. If you want to have any say at the council, you’ll have great public speaking skills a. The art of rhetoric is very important 2. Sophists: Group of teachers that teach you techniques of argument ii. Sophists and the origins of philosophy- the spirit of rational inquiry in Greek thought iii. Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle 1. They began to examine things in the world a. Politics, geometry, natural phenomenon 2. Began to look for rational explanations instead of works of the gods iv. Herodotus and the invention of “history” as a field of rational inquiry 1. Herodotus (father of history) a. He wanted to know why things happened b. Looked at the Greek war and wanted to know why the Greeks won i. Interviewed a bunch of people, collected factual evidence ii. Looking for historical causation instead of propaganda d. Sparta i. Sparta as the great “land power” of Ancient Greece 1. Sparta was a great farming nation – known as the major land power in the Greek world ii. Spartan warrior society and the Spartan lifestyle 1. Warrior culture and an agrarian economy iii. Spartan oligarchy—kings, gerousia, and the assembly 1. Had two kings elected by the people 2. Council of 28 elders a. All members of prominent families in Sparta 3. Assembly a. had some right to elect their kings but they basically just follow the leadership of the kings and council iv. Citizens, women, and helots in Spartan society 1. Citizen: warrior – you have lots of rights and privileges 2. Men were expected to eat dinner with their comrades over their family 3. Women stayed at home, but had a lot more freedom because the men aren’t at home a. Can own property, manage the household 4. Helots: slaves a. Slave society i. Would enslave fellow Greeks – needed lots of slaves to grow food, be soldiers in the army ii. Slaves outnumbered the citizens 1. Citizens are always worried about a revolt 3. From the Greek Classical to the Hellenistic Age a. Athens versus Sparta i. Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.E.) triggers decline of Athens and Sparta 1. Two powers fight it out and exhaust themselves 2. Decline due to constant warfare ii. Macedonia and the rise of Macedonian power 1. Macedonia – birthplace of Alexander III a. In Greece b. The rise of Alexander the Great i. Alexander III becomes king of Macedonia (336 B.C.E.) 1. Goes on a 10 year expedition ii. Conquest of Greece and defeat of the Persian Empire 1. Takes the fight to his main enemies 2. Kills off the last Persian emperor iii. Conquest of Egypt, and lands west of the Indus River 1. Alexander conquers Egypt, runs out of places to conquer takes the troops to the Indus River and then his troops decide they’ve done enough conquering 2. They conquered everything worth conquering a. Greek empire went from Egypt and Anatolia to Afghanistan and India 3. Alexander’s generals split the empire into 3 kingdoms a. Generals rule over these Hellenistic kingdoms b. Greek empire – doesn’t last very long c. Beginning of the Hellenistic Age (323-30 B.C.E.) i. Death of Alexander and breakup of the empire 1. Hellenism: refers to the spread of Greek culture that had begun after the conquest of Alexander the Great ii. Hellenistic kingdoms and the spread of Greek language, philosophy, and culture 1. Greek monuments, theaters, markets, councils, assemblies, etc. 2. Greek became the language of power and elite culture iii. Alexandrea as a Hellenistic city iv. Hellenism and the enduring influence of Greece [Show More]

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