HESI Pathophysiology questions and answers. Latest 2022

An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: What is that? - positive feedback What organ shrinks with age? - ...

An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: What is that? - positive feedback What organ shrinks with age? - gums Which of the following is true? a. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult b. The elderly has better temperature sensations c. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly - d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly Which of the following in true? a. Women snore more than men b. Men have higher calcium levels c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men d. men have a lower creatinine level than women - c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude is termed which? a. Circadian b. Acclimatization c. Population d. Diurnal - b. Acclimatization What does it mean when the cause of disease is unwanted medical treatment? a. Idiopathic b. Ecogenetic c. Genotypical d. Iatrogenic - d. Iatrogenic Which term is used for the first two months of life? a. Infancy b. Childhood c. Prenatal d. Neonatal - d. Neonatal What is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease? a. Symptom b. Syndrome c. Stage d. Sign - d. Sign Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines? a. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system b. They cross the blood brain barrier c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine d. They cause of decrease in heart rate - They include epinephrine and norepinephrine Which of the following is a true statement? a. Antidiuretic is not important for blood volume regulation b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception c. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently d. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity - b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes? a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis c. They use voltage-gated ion channels d. They cross by diffusion - d. They cross by diffusion Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism? a. Protein synthesis b. Glycolysis c. Citric acid cycle d. Oxidative phosphorylation - a. Protein synthesis Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume? a. The calcium pump b. Glucose transporters c. The sodium-potassium pump d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters - c. The sodium-potassium pump Cellular hypoxia results in: a. Enhanced ATP activity b. Loss of intracellular calcium c. Increased pH d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump - d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump A 75-y/o women develops weakness in her lower extremities after a prolonged periods of bed rest. This is most likely caused by a. Atrophy of her leg muscles b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles - a. Atrophy of her leg muscles Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to occur from chronic ischemia? a. Hypertrophy b. Metaplasia c. Atrophy d. Hyperplasia - c. Atrophy What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea divers get 'the bends'? a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the cellular membranes b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the RBD's from carrying O2 c. Intracellular calcium accumulation creates muscle tetany d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting and resulting in ischemia - d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting and resulting in ischemia What type of cellular adaptation would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report? a. Dysplasia b. Metaplasia c. Hyperplasia d. Atrophy - a. Dysplasia 19. Which of the following is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from single stranded DNA? a. Sense stranding b. Replication c. Translation d. Transcription - d. Transcription Which of the following is not one of the 4 cell types found in adult humans? a. Epithelium b. Connective tissue c. Hematopoietic tissue d. Nervous tissue - c. Hematopoietic tissue If a patient has a recessive trait, which of the following is the genotype of this patient? i. Recessive trait: a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles ii. Lowercase = recessive/ uppercase = dominant b. aa c. AA d. Aa e. aA - b. aa Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities has been linked with down syndrome? a. Translocation