Unit 1, 2 & 3 Intro to Ethics-Milestone Test ETHICS _Latest
UNIT 3 MILESTONE Test
You passed this Milestone
15 questions were answered correctly.
1
Karl receives a call from the local police, who are concerned t
...
Unit 1, 2 & 3 Intro to Ethics-Milestone Test ETHICS _Latest
UNIT 3 MILESTONE Test
You passed this Milestone
15 questions were answered correctly.
1
Karl receives a call from the local police, who are concerned that his son may be growing and distributing an illegal (but not dangerous) drug. Karl knows this suspicion to be true. If he admits it to the police, his son will be arrested, and their family’s name will be tarnished. If he lies, the police will assume the tip they got was false and go away.
Most people are split on this issue. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian?
•
Karl’s lying is morally right because he has an obligation to protect his son, even if his son’s actions cause harm to others.
•
Karl’s lying is morally wrong because his obligation to the state is more important than his son staying out of trouble,
even though it would bring about no benefit for the state.
•
Karl’s lying is morally right because keeping his son out of trouble and his family’s reputation clear will bring about more
happiness than if his son is arrested.
•
Karl’s lying is morally wrong because it is sinful to lie, even when the consequences are less than desirable.
CONCEPT
Applying Utilitarianism 2
Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology?
•
Henrietta is looking for an ethical system that weighs the odds of certain consequences.
•
Hank is looking for an ethical system that will put him most ahead.
•
Houghton is looking for an ethical system that is relative.
•
Helen is looking for an ethical framework that respects the freedom of others.
CONCEPT
Support for Kantian Deontology 3
I come home and my apartment building is on fire. There is a family of five living in the apartment next to mine and only my mother in my apartment. I can only evacuate one apartment.
What is a problem with applying utilitarianism to this scenario?
•
Utilitarianism says I should evacuate the apartment that has five occupants, even though my mother is more important
to me.
•
Utilitarianism says I cannot determine which apartment to evacuate because my mother's happiness is equal to the
happiness of the five strangers.
•
Utilitarianism says I have to choose what to do based on who is responsible for starting the fire.
•
Utilitarianism says I should evacuate my apartment because that will make me the happiest.
CONCEPT
Problems with Utilitarianism 4
When a utilitarian evaluates an action, which of the following is most important?
•
The action's rejection by society
•
The action's total effects on everyone
•
The action's effects on the agent
•
The action's inherent sinfulness
CONCEPT
Utilitarianism 5
What is meant by the formulation of universal law?
•
Acting according to a maxim that, if applied to everyone, does not entail contradiction
•
Acting according to a maxim that brings about the greatest possible good
•
Acting according to a maxim that respects an act's inherent goodness
•
Acting according to a maxim that is defined by the global community
CONCEPT
The Formulation of Universal Law 6
Ingrid steals from a wealthy neighbor's excess so she can afford shoes for her children.
How would a utilitarian classify this action?
•
Obligatory
•
Neutral
•
Impermissible
• Supererogatory CONCEPT
Commitments of Utilitarianism 7
Jimmy is a nurse who cares for the aging Mr. Buckner in New York City. Mr. Buckner is a very wealthy man who has saved a lot of money over the years. One day, Mr. Buckner takes Jimmy aside and tells him that he has decided what to do with his money after he dies. Mr. Buckner tells Jimmy that he wants Jimmy to give all of the money to the New York Knicks basketball team. He makes Jimmy promise three times that he will do this. Jimmy thinks Mr. Buckner has gone crazy, but Mr. Buckner dies before they can discuss it further.
Which action is supported by utilitarianism but intuitively seems unethical?
•
Jimmy breaks his promise to Mr. Buckner and instead donates the money to a basketball league that helps inner city
youth.
•
Jimmy does what he promised and gives Mr. Buckner’s fortune to the New York Knicks.
•
Jimmy decides to keep Mr. Buckner’s fortune for himself, as payment for all his work.
•
Jimmy breaks his promise to Mr. Buckner and uses the money to pay for an operation his mother needs.
CONCEPT
Advantages and Shortcomings of Utilitarianism 8
In Kantian deontology, the must be derived from reason.
•
utility principle
•
categorical imperative
•
formal maxim
•
command theory
CONCEPT
Kantian Deontology 9
How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate a jury voting to convict someone they know is innocent because they disagree with his political beliefs?
•
It is morally wrong because if all juries acted that way, the judicial system would cease to be about justice and become a
vehicle for political oppression.
•
It is morally wrong because if their motives are obvious, it could hurt their own party's reputation just to prevent just one
person from voting against them.
•
It is morally right because juries decide legal truth and can't be punished for any decisions they make.
•
It is morally right because the jurors' obligation to their party and their country are more important than one innocent
man's freedom. CONCEPT
Applying Kantian Deontology 10
Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology?
•
A person can get away with doing harm if it's culturally accepted.
•
A person can't use feelings to help guide his or her reasoning.
•
A person can get away with doing harm if he or she isn't caught.
•
A person can justify any action based on its consequences.
CONCEPT
Problems with Kantian Deontology
11
Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism?
•
Walt is looking for an ethical framework that places a high value on his culture's traditions.
•
Wendy is looking for an ethical framework that relies on the Torah for moral guidance.
•
Warren is looking for an ethical framework that never allows any kind of theft.
•
Walburga is looking for an ethical framework that is based in observable facts.
CONCEPT
Support for Utilitarianism 12
Which of the following pairs of goods are probably different in kind according to idealist utilitarianism?
•
All of the answer choices are correct.
•
A dog and a cat
•
My life and the life of my children
•
A polio vaccine and a syringe
CONCEPT
Hedonic and Idealist Utilitarianism 13
According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act impermissible?
•
My intention is bad.
•
The act is illegal.
•
My own needs are not met.
•
There is a negative outcome.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Kantian Deontology 14
Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism?
•
Opal grows lots of plants and flowers to help offset her carbon footprint.
•
Omar breaks into a large store because he needs food and the store's loss will be insignificant.
•
Odessa saves a drowning man because she knows his family needs him in order to be happy.
•
Oswald gives 10% of his income to charity because giving to charity generally brings about greater good.
CONCEPT
Act and Rule Utilitarianism 15
What is meant by the formulation of humanity?
•
We should respect other peoples' points of view.
•
Other people must be treated as ends, not only as means.
•
Anything agreed on by all humanity is true.
•
We shouldn't act in a way that has any harm to society.
UNIT 2 Practice Mileston
You passed this Practice Milestone.
When you take the actual Milestone, you must score 50% or higher to pass.
11 questions were answered correctly. 4 questions were answered incorrectly. 1
Thomas goes to church on Sunday morning because he believes God has commanded him to do it.
According to divine command theory, going to church on Sunday is thus .
•
impermissible
•
supererogatory
•
obligatory
• neutral CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory 2
It is widely accepted that people should work hard to take care of their children. How might an egoist complete this statement?
Working hard to take care of one's children is right because .
•
the greater society places a high value on nurturing children
•
most people believe it is the right thing to do
•
everyone has a responsibility to raise future generations
•
it gives one a sense of pleasure and satisfaction
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism 3
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
•
Nicole is looking for an ethical framework that provides clear motivations for being good.
•
Nellie is looking for an ethical framework that assigns intrinsic value to every person.
•
Neville is looking for an ethical framework that says there's more to being good than doing good actions.
•
Norm is looking for an ethical framework that respects unfamiliar systems of ethics.
CONCEPT
Support for Conventionalism 4
Choose the statement that correctly identifies whether egoism is relativist or objectivist and why.
•
Egoism is objectivist because everyone inherently acts in their own self-interest.
•
Egoism is objectivist because it uses self-interest as a criterion for what is right and wrong.
•
Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to an individual's self-interest.
•
Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to the norms of society.
CONCEPT
Egoism 5
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
•
Divine command theory is relativist because what is good is relative to which sacred text is accepted.
•
Divine command theory is not necessarily part of religious practice.
•
Divine command theory states that moral truth is communicated but not invented by God.
•
Divine command theory is also called theological pluralism.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory 6
Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist?
•
Noell has chicken for dinner because she had steak last night.
•
Nathan volunteers at a youth center because he enjoys making a difference.
•
Nadine begrudgingly helps a coworker she doesn't like with a project.
•
Norbert steals money from his parents' rainy day fund, knowing he'll never get caught.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism 7
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
•
"Nothing in life is free."
•
"Greed is good."
•
"Take one for the team."
•
"Right is right, even if everyone is wrong."
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism 8
Sarah makes her famous chicken casserole for her new neighbors who have just moved to America from Asia. When her daughter Lily comes home and sees the casserole almost ready, she remarks, “Mom, didn’t you know? Where our new neighbors come from, they don't eat meat. You shouldn’t have made this!”
Sarah replies, “I disagree! They live in America now and need to understand our customs!”
According to conventionalism, which of the two - Sarah or Lily - has a better ethical stance?
•
Lily, because what is right is determined by what is appropriate for the individual.
•
Sarah, because ethical values are determined by the local culture, not your old one.
•
Lily, because killing animals unnecessarily is wrong.
•
Sarah, because she’s confident everyone loves her chicken casserole.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism 9
Gerard likes to lie in his garden and pretend he's a cabbage. His neighbors think it's kind of weird, but they agree that it's none of their business.
What would a conventionalist call Gerard's action?
•
Obligatory
•
Impermissible
•
Neutral
• Supererogatory CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism 10
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
•
God forbids murder, which is illegal almost everywhere.
•
God forbids tattoos, but many people think they're kind of cool.
•
God commands people to honor their parents, but mine are bad role models.
•
God says, "Woe to those who are rich," so some religious people take vows of poverty.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory 11
Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?
•
There is generally not a firm basis for morality, which is relative.
•
There is no good reason to follow God's commands.
•
It doesn't offer a firm basis for knowing which sacred texts are authentic and which are not.
•
It obscures humanity's place in the world and relationship with the whole of creation.
CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory 12
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
•
It's possible that some cultures are just wrong about morality.
•
It's possible that there is no objective moral truth.
•
It's possible that every culture is an island unto itself.
•
It's possible that every culture's morality is true for its own members, but false for others.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism 13
Which of the following statements represents a conventionalist worldview?
•
"Do unto others as you'd have them do unto you."
•
"Be the change you'd like to see in the world."
•
"When in Rome, do as the Romans do."
•
"The ends justify the means."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism 14
Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?
•
Divine command theory is about bringing the best consequences.
•
Divine command theory allows for some flexibility in what is right or wrong.
•
Divine command theory provides objective moral truths.
•
Divine command theory gives commands for all possible actions.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory 15
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
•
Egoism does not do enough to help the agent.
•
Teamwork often produces better results for everyone involved.
•
All people are egoists at heart; it's part of being human.
•
Society does well when its individuals do well for themselves.
UNIT 2 Milestone
You passed this Milestone
13 questions were answered correctly. 2 questions were answered incorrectly. 1
Why is egoism unique among ethical theories?
•
It is the only theory to acknowledge conflicting interests as harmful to a system of ethics.
•
It is the only theory to maintain that there are no universal truths regarding what is good.
•
It is the only theory to explain the way things ought to be in regards to what is right and wrong.
•
It is the only theory to equate what is good to what is performed in the name of self-interest.
CONCEPT
Egoism 2
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
•
"Conventionalism is a loose term that applies to many individual theories."
•
"Conventionalism is rooted in the idea that all cultures strive toward the same good."
•
"Conventionalists profess belief in objective morality."
•
"Conventionalism provides a framework for comparing diverse cultures."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism 3
Quentin's faith teaches that God commands everyone to give at least ten percent of their income to the poor. Quentin usually gives fifteen percent.
According to divine command theory, Quentin's action is .
•
neutral
•
supererogatory
•
obligatory
• impermissible CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory 4
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
•
All actions should be aimed at the greater good of society.
•
A society is more just if it distributes rewards to everyone equally.
•
Self-determined ethics are more successful than ethics dictated by others.
•
Working to meet the demands of the larger society can lead to prosperity.
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism 5
Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true?
•
Divine command theory helps make sense of humanity's place in the world.
•
Divine command theory is reflective in that reason plays a role in determining right and wrong.
•
Divine command theory does not tend to fulfill people’s emotional needs.
•
Divine command theory cannot provide clear motivations for being moral.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory 6
Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory?
•
The intellectualist option states that ethics are not outside or above God, but ethics must be interpreted by God.
•
The intellectualist option places a false dichotomy between ethics and religion, thereby saying God has no ethical
authority.
•
“God makes commands because they are good” implies that something beyond God’s free command makes things good.
•
The intellectualist option is subjective, whereas divine command theory is supposed to be objective. CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory 7
Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour.
What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions?
•
Neutral
•
Impermissible
•
Obligatory
• Supererogatory CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism 8
Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist?
•
Madison brings a wallet she found on the ground to the police station rather than keeping it for herself.
•
Malachi sees an opportunity to cheat and get ahead at work, so he takes it.
•
Rather than take his dream vacation, Milo serves as a foster parent so children can have a stable home.
•
Michelle lets her husband decide what to eat since she's fine either way.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism 9
According to egoism, what might an egoist consider when faced with the issue of world hunger?
•
Governments of poor nations are obligated to feed their citizens.
•
We all have an obligation to ensure all people have access to food.
•
We are obligated to do a better job distributing food.
•
Individuals are obligated to feed themselves.
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism 10
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
•
Divine command theory states that if God says nothing about an action, that action is forbidden.
•
Divine command theory is just another name for religion.
•
Divine command theory states that God's commands are universal ethical truths.
•
Divine command theory states that the intention justifies the action.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory 11
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
•
Egoism promotes the common good by putting individuals first.
•
Egoism is focused on positive effects for the agent.
•
Egoism does not account for the agent's pain.
•
Egoism does not allow for inherent human dignity.
CONCEPT
Problems with Egoism 12
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
•
Some cultures are descended from common ancestors.
•
Morality is objective, so there are universal ethical truths.
•
No two cultures have the same ethical framework.
•
Even if two cultures disagree, there can still be a right answer.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism 13
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
•
God commands that we forgive everyone, so I told my brother that I still love him after he broke my car window.
•
God forbids lying, but I lie in pretty much every other sentence I say.
•
God forbade eating pork in the Torah, but in the book of Acts, he got rid of that prohibition.
•
God commands that certain crimes be punished by death, but many people oppose capital punishment.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory 14
Michelle is visiting a Muslim country. She doesn't know what to expect because she knows that some Muslim societies expect women to wear a head-scarf when they are outdoors. When she gets off of the airplane, Michelle immediately notices that all the women in the airport are wearing head-scarves.
According to conventionalism, which action would be most appropriate for Michelle to take?
•
Buy a head scarf and keep it in her purse in case someone tells her to put it on.
•
Buy a head-scarf and put it on.
•
Let her hair show because she isn’t Muslim.
•
Tie her hair back and put on a baseball cap.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism 15
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
•
Malie is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Greed is good."
•
Martin is looking for an ethical framework that says, "You do you."
•
Meriwether is looking for an ethical framework that values the world culture over local groups.
•
Mara is looking for an ethical framework that can account for changing cultural attitudes.
UNIT 3 Practice Milestone
You passed this Practice Milestone.
When you take the actual Milestone, you must score 50% or higher to pass.
13 questions were answered correctly. 2 questions were answered incorrectly. 1
Jeanie belongs to a culture in which women are required to shave their heads. Most people in this culture, men and women alike, are content with their traditions. Moreover, they fear that abandoning them will bring about a cultural collapse. Jeanie, however, doesn’t like shaving her head. She decides to grow out her hair, and launches a campaign to convince other women to push back against this cultural expectation.
Most Americans would probably call this custom oppressive. How might Jeannie’s actions be evaluated by a utilitarian?
•
Jeannie’s actions are morally right because her culture has no right to make her shave her head, even if failing to do so
and convincing other women not to brings about a cultural collapse.
•
Jeannie’s actions are morally right because her culture’s customs are oppressive and need to be changed, even though
most people accept them and don’t want to lose them.
•
Jeannie’s actions are morally wrong because her culture has already made a decision on the matter, and it is accepted by
many people, even those who are most affected by it.
•
Jeannie’s actions are morally wrong because they will likely bring about a cultural collapse, which will cause greater
unhappiness for more people than if she just put up with shaving her head. CONCEPT
Applying Utilitarianism 2
I throw a friend a surprise party, but the party makes her feel very uncomfortable.
What problem with utilitarianism does this situation demonstrate?
•
The happiness of others has more value.
•
Weighing the consequences of an action is sometimes difficult.
•
Intent is a dominant feature of utilitarianism.
•
People are equally responsible for what they choose and choose not to do.
CONCEPT
Problems with Utilitarianism 3
Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology?
•
Irene is looking for an ethical framework that is based in divine revelation.
•
Indigo is looking for an ethical framework where intention matters.
•
Isabella is looking for an ethical framework that allows her to pursue what's in her best interest.
•
Ike is looking for an ethical framework that builds on a community's established customs.
CONCEPT
Support for Kantian Deontology 4
Katie helps classmates with their homework after finishing hers instead of playing computer games.
How would a utilitarian classify Katie's action?
•
Obligatory
•
Neutral
•
Impermissible
• Supererogatory CONCEPT
Commitments of Utilitarianism 5
Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology?
•
A person's feelings aren't taken into consideration.
•
A person can be exempted from certain rules based on his or her status.
•
A person's circumstances don't affect the morality of his or her actions.
•
A person's intentions aren't taken into consideration.
CONCEPT
Problems with Kantian Deontology 6
Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism?
•
Sarah orders black olives on a pizza for her friends, even though she doesn't like them.
•
Samantha thinks parents shouldn't intentionally lose games to their children.
•
Sean lies about breaking a vase in a store so he doesn't have to pay for it.
•
Sigmund finds that chocolate ice cream makes him happier than vanilla.
CONCEPT
Act and Rule Utilitarianism 7
In Kantian deontology, an act is if it violates the categorical imperative.
•
neutral
•
permissible
•
obligatory
• impermissible CONCEPT
Kantian Deontology 8
According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible?
•
It's good consequences are better than its bad ones.
•
It is consistent with the categorical imperative.
•
It is allowed under local law.
•
It is consistent with divine revelation.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Kantian Deontology 9
Which of the following contradicts the formulation of humanity?
•
Hurting someone's feelings
•
Getting in a fight with someone
•
Giving opposing viewpoints to someone
•
Hiding a painful truth from someone CONCEPT
The Formulation of Humanity 10
Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism?
•
Benedict is looking for an ethical framework that is empirically discernible.
•
Bertha is looking for an ethical framework that bases right and wrong on a certain group's custom.
•
Beau is looking for an ethical framework that meets his own needs first.
•
Beatrice is looking for an ethical framework that bases right and wrong on divine revelation.
CONCEPT
Support for Utilitarianism 11
Which of the following represents an advantage of utilitarianism?
•
Utilitarianism doesn't give preference to one's own family.
•
Utilitarianism considers the consequences of decisions and actions.
•
It is not always possible to consider the happiness of everyone.
•
Decisions made in a crisis or emergency are often instantaneous.
CONCEPT
Advantages and Shortcomings of Utilitarianism 12
Which of the following considerations is important for a utilitarian when evaluating the morality of an action?
•
How consistent the action is with the Ten Commandments
•
How likely the action is to satisfy personal desires
•
How most people will judge the action's morality
•
How much utility is produced and to what degree
CONCEPT
Utilitarianism 13
Which of the following pairs of goods are probably different in kind according to idealist utilitarianism?
•
One human life and a good dinner
•
One human life and eighteen human lives
•
One adult's life and two children's lives
•
A new car and a good dinner
CONCEPT
Hedonic and Idealist Utilitarianism 14
According to Kantian deontology, how should an action be evaluated?
•
By its acceptability
•
By its effects
•
By its legality
•
By its maxim
CONCEPT
The Formulation of Universal Law 15
How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate cutting in line?
•
It is morally right when you can get away with it.
•
It is morally wrong because you haven't been waiting as long as the people you cut.
•
It is morally right if waiting will be detrimental to your emotional health.
•
It is morally wrong because if everyone cut in line, the concept of a line would become obsolete.
You passed this Practice Milestone.
When you take the actual Milestone, you must score 50% or higher to pass.
11 questions were answered correctly. 4 questions were answered incorrectly. 1
Thomas goes to church on Sunday morning because he believes God has commanded him to do it.
According to divine command theory, going to church on Sunday is thus .
•
impermissible
•
supererogatory
•
obligatory
• neutral CONCEPT
Commitments of Divine Command Theory 2
It is widely accepted that people should work hard to take care of their children. How might an egoist complete this statement?
Working hard to take care of one's children is right because .
•
the greater society places a high value on nurturing children
•
most people believe it is the right thing to do
•
everyone has a responsibility to raise future generations
•
it gives one a sense of pleasure and satisfaction
CONCEPT
Applying Egoism 3
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
•
Nicole is looking for an ethical framework that provides clear motivations for being good.
•
Nellie is looking for an ethical framework that assigns intrinsic value to every person.
•
Neville is looking for an ethical framework that says there's more to being good than doing good actions.
•
Norm is looking for an ethical framework that respects unfamiliar systems of ethics.
CONCEPT
Support for Conventionalism 4
Choose the statement that correctly identifies whether egoism is relativist or objectivist and why.
•
Egoism is objectivist because everyone inherently acts in their own self-interest.
•
Egoism is objectivist because it uses self-interest as a criterion for what is right and wrong.
•
Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to an individual's self-interest.
•
Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to the norms of society.
CONCEPT
Egoism 5
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
•
Divine command theory is relativist because what is good is relative to which sacred text is accepted.
•
Divine command theory is not necessarily part of religious practice.
•
Divine command theory states that moral truth is communicated but not invented by God.
•
Divine command theory is also called theological pluralism.
CONCEPT
Divine Command Theory 6
Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist?
•
Noell has chicken for dinner because she had steak last night.
•
Nathan volunteers at a youth center because he enjoys making a difference.
•
Nadine begrudgingly helps a coworker she doesn't like with a project.
•
Norbert steals money from his parents' rainy day fund, knowing he'll never get caught.
CONCEPT
Commitments of Egoism 7
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
•
"Nothing in life is free."
•
"Greed is good."
•
"Take one for the team."
•
"Right is right, even if everyone is wrong."
CONCEPT
Support for Egoism 8
Sarah makes her famous chicken casserole for her new neighbors who have just moved to America from Asia. When her daughter Lily comes home and sees the casserole almost ready, she remarks, “Mom, didn’t you know? Where our new neighbors come from, they don't eat meat. You shouldn’t have made this!”
Sarah replies, “I disagree! They live in America now and need to understand our customs!”
According to conventionalism, which of the two - Sarah or Lily - has a better ethical stance?
•
Lily, because what is right is determined by what is appropriate for the individual.
•
Sarah, because ethical values are determined by the local culture, not your old one.
•
Lily, because killing animals unnecessarily is wrong.
•
Sarah, because she’s confident everyone loves her chicken casserole.
CONCEPT
Applying Conventionalism 9
Gerard likes to lie in his garden and pretend he's a cabbage. His neighbors think it's kind of weird, but they agree that it's none of their business.
What would a conventionalist call Gerard's action?
•
Obligatory
•
Impermissible
•
Neutral
• Supererogatory CONCEPT
Commitments of Conventionalism 10
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
•
God forbids murder, which is illegal almost everywhere.
•
God forbids tattoos, but many people think they're kind of cool.
•
God commands people to honor their parents, but mine are bad role models.
•
God says, "Woe to those who are rich," so some religious people take vows of poverty.
CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory 11
Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?
•
There is generally not a firm basis for morality, which is relative.
•
There is no good reason to follow God's commands.
•
It doesn't offer a firm basis for knowing which sacred texts are authentic and which are not.
•
It obscures humanity's place in the world and relationship with the whole of creation.
CONCEPT
Refutations of Divine Command Theory 12
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
•
It's possible that some cultures are just wrong about morality.
•
It's possible that there is no objective moral truth.
•
It's possible that every culture is an island unto itself.
•
It's possible that every culture's morality is true for its own members, but false for others.
CONCEPT
Problems with Conventionalism 13
Which of the following statements represents a conventionalist worldview?
•
"Do unto others as you'd have them do unto you."
•
"Be the change you'd like to see in the world."
•
"When in Rome, do as the Romans do."
•
"The ends justify the means."
CONCEPT
Conventionalism 14
Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?
•
Divine command theory is about bringing the best consequences.
•
Divine command theory allows for some flexibility in what is right or wrong.
•
Divine command theory provides objective moral truths.
•
Divine command theory gives commands for all possible actions.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory 15
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
•
Egoism does not do enough to help the agent.
•
Teamwork often produces better results for everyone involved.
•
All people are egoists at heart; it's part of being human.
•
Society does well when its individuals do well for themselves.
CONCEPT
Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy?
•
Philosophy is useful as a tool to justify personal opinions.
•
Philosophy defends what is traditional in society.
•
Philosophy improves understanding of argumentation.
•
Philosophy maintains society's collective memory.
CONCEPT
Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 2
Many people confuse topics of religion, social etiquette, and law with ethical topics.
Select the example related to law.
•
Beth approves of same-sex marriage, but her mother says it is a sin.
•
Don masks his income to avoid paying income taxes for twenty years.
•
Kendra neglects to RSVP to an invitation to a close friend’s small wedding.
•
Grandpa always chews with his mouth open at family gatherings.
CONCEPT
Ethical and Non-Ethical Topics 3
Which of the following actions represents the step, "Identify positions on the question"?
•
A law student weighs arguments on the interpretation of a particular law against decisions from the Supreme Court.
•
A graduate student spends several hours in the library reading books on a particular ethical issue.
•
A medical student asks a professor whether a certain drug is effective against the flu.
•
An undergraduate argues that funding for school-sponsored clubs should be based on the number of active members.
CONCEPT
The Philosophical Approach to Inquiry 4
Which of the following statements reflects subjectivism?
•
Dennis says that morality depends on the situation.
•
Dennis says that morality is a personal choice.
•
Dennis says that morality is universal.
•
Dennis says that morality is dictated by a person's culture.
CONCEPT
Categorizing Ethical Theories 5
Which of the following is a philosophical question?
•
On average, how many babies are born a day?
•
What is the average top speed of a cheetah?
•
How do we define what counts as art?
•
Would you rather see a movie or a play?
CONCEPT
Philosophical and Non-Philosophical Inquiry 6
Because she is a teacher who works with children, Yuki is required by law to report suspected abuse. One day a student says that his dad frequently hits him after having a drink. Despite the boy's insistence that it's a secret, Yuki informs the school office, which calls the authorities.
Yuki's decision constitutes a(n) action.
•
supererogatory
•
impermissible
•
obligatory
• neutral CONCEPT
The Evaluation of Actions 7
Which of the following statements is an example of metaethics?
•
Boy Scouts have a moral obligation to help the elderly cross the street.
•
Kantian deontology is the correct ethical theory.
•
Most people believe in some form of utilitarianism.
•
Killing whales is always wrong, no matter the reasoning.
CONCEPT
Branches of Ethics 8
Which of the following is a deductive argument?
•
It has snowed on my birthday every year since I was born. Therefore, it will snow on my birthday this year.
•
Helen was seen exiting the alley after a robbery had taken place. It follows that Helen committed the robbery.
•
Every time I’ve visited the farmer’s market, I’ve found heirloom tomatoes. So, this week when I go to the farmer’s
market, I will find heirloom tomatoes.
•
Traffic is very heavy today. When traffic is heavy, I take the bus to work. I will take the bus to work today.
CONCEPT
Deductive and Inductive Inference 9
Which of the following is an argument?
•
Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis is a problem for many adults.
•
I begin my day with a one-mile run, a shower, and a healthy breakfast.
•
Janet studies every day and takes notes in class. She will probably do well in the class for that reason.
•
If I go to Washington D.C. next weekend, then I'll get you a souvenir.
CONCEPT
Introduction to Arguments 10
Which of the following is a weak inductive argument?
•
Most nurses are good people. Andrew is a nurse. Andrew is probably a good person.
•
Things that are blue are sad. The sky is blue, so it must be sad.
•
Krista's favorite composer is Tchaikovsky. Jason also likes Tchaikovsky. Jason and Krista probably have a lot in common.
•
People who like wine think they're a big deal. Aaron thinks he's a big deal, so he must like wine.
CONCEPT
Evaluating the Structure of an Argument 11
Which of the following statements about philosophy is true?
•
Philosophy is a way to answer questions about the physical universe without observation.
•
Philosophy is quite interesting, despite having little or no application in other fields.
•
Philosophy is obsolete due to advances in scientific inquiry.
•
Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge.
CONCEPT
Introduction to Philosophy 12
Which of the following considerations is relevant to a person whose elderly parents are sick but refuse to make an appointment at the doctor?
•
Is it her place to make decisions for her parents?
•
Does she have medical expertise?
•
Who has treated their illnesses in the past?
•
Which days of the week are appointments available?
CONCEPT
Actions and Events 13
Consider the following argument:
(1) I should get a raise (2) because I complete all my projects prior to the deadline, (3) I arrive at work early and stay late,
(4) and I always receive positive comments on my work.
Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion?
•
4
•
3
•
2
•
1
CONCEPT
Premises and Conclusions 14
Which of the following statements is true of ethics?
•
Ethics is about doing whatever it takes to get ahead.
•
The goal of ethics is to search for truths in order to be a better person.
•
Ethics is only important in the workplace.
•
Right and wrong are purely subjective.
CONCEPT
Introduction to Philosophical Ethics 15
An argument is valid, and its premises are true.
Which of the following terms best describes the argument?
•
Sound
•
Cogent
•
Unsound
• Uncogent CONCEPT
Evaluating an Argument You passed this Milestone
13 questions were answered correctly. 2 questions were answered incorrectly. 1
Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy?
•
Philosophy is useful as a tool to justify personal opinions.
•
Philosophy defends what is traditional in society.
•
Philosophy improves understanding of argumentation.
•
Philosophy maintains society's collective memory.
CONCEPT
Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 2
Many people confuse topics of religion, social etiquette, and law with ethical topics.
Select the example related to law.
•
Beth approves of same-sex marriage, but her mother says it is a sin.
•
Don masks his income to avoid paying income taxes for twenty years.
•
Kendra neglects to RSVP to an invitation to a close friend’s small wedding.
•
Grandpa always chews with his mouth open at family gatherings.
CONCEPT
Ethical and Non-Ethical Topics 3
Which of the following actions represents the step, "Identify positions on the question"?
•
A law student weighs arguments on the interpretation of a particular law against decisions from the Supreme Court.
•
A graduate student spends several hours in the library reading books on a particular ethical issue.
•
A medical student asks a professor whether a certain drug is effective against the flu.
•
An undergraduate argues that funding for school-sponsored clubs should be based on the number of active members.
CONCEPT
The Philosophical Approach to Inquiry 4
Which of the following statements reflects subjectivism?
•
Dennis says that morality depends on the situation.
•
Dennis says that morality is a personal choice.
•
Dennis says that morality is universal.
•
Dennis says that morality is dictated by a person's culture.
CONCEPT
Categorizing Ethical Theories 5
Which of the following is a philosophical question?
•
On average, how many babies are born a day?
•
What is the average top speed of a cheetah?
•
How do we define what counts as art?
•
Would you rather see a movie or a play?
CONCEPT
Philosophical and Non-Philosophical Inquiry
6
Because she is a teacher who works with children, Yuki is required by law to report suspected abuse. One day a student says that his dad frequently hits him after having a drink. Despite the boy's insistence that it's a secret, Yuki informs the school office, which calls the authorities.
Yuki's decision constitutes a(n) action.
•
supererogatory
•
impermissible
•
obligatory
• neutral CONCEPT
The Evaluation of Actions 7
Which of the following statements is an example of metaethics?
•
Boy Scouts have a moral obligation to help the elderly cross the street.
•
Kantian deontology is the correct ethical theory.
•
Most people believe in some form of utilitarianism.
•
Killing whales is always wrong, no matter the reasoning.
CONCEPT
Branches of Ethics 8
Which of the following is a deductive argument?
•
It has snowed on my birthday every year since I was born. Therefore, it will snow on my birthday this year.
•
Helen was seen exiting the alley after a robbery had taken place. It follows that Helen committed the robbery.
•
Every time I’ve visited the farmer’s market, I’ve found heirloom tomatoes. So, this week when I go to the farmer’s
market, I will find heirloom tomatoes.
•
Traffic is very heavy today. When traffic is heavy, I take the bus to work. I will take the bus to work today.
CONCEPT
Deductive and Inductive Inference 9
Which of the following is an argument?
•
Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis is a problem for many adults.
•
I begin my day with a one-mile run, a shower, and a healthy breakfast.
•
Janet studies every day and takes notes in class. She will probably do well in the class for that reason.
•
If I go to Washington D.C. next weekend, then I'll get you a souvenir.
CONCEPT
Introduction to Arguments 10
Which of the following is a weak inductive argument?
•
Most nurses are good people. Andrew is a nurse. Andrew is probably a good person.
•
Things that are blue are sad. The sky is blue, so it must be sad.
•
Krista's favorite composer is Tchaikovsky. Jason also likes Tchaikovsky. Jason and Krista probably have a lot in common.
•
People who like wine think they're a big deal. Aaron thinks he's a big deal, so he must like wine.
CONCEPT
Evaluating the Structure of an Argument 11
Which of the following statements about philosophy is true?
•
Philosophy is a way to answer questions about the physical universe without observation.
•
Philosophy is quite interesting, despite having little or no application in other fields.
•
Philosophy is obsolete due to advances in scientific inquiry.
•
Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge.
CONCEPT
Introduction to Philosophy 12
Which of the following considerations is relevant to a person whose elderly parents are sick but refuse to make an appointment at the doctor?
•
Is it her place to make decisions for her parents?
•
Does she have medical expertise?
•
Who has treated their illnesses in the past?
•
Which days of the week are appointments available?
CONCEPT
Actions and Events 13
Consider the following argument:
(1) I should get a raise (2) because I complete all my projects prior to the deadline, (3) I arrive at work early and stay late,
(4) and I always receive positive comments on my work.
Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion?
•
4
•
3
•
2
•
1
CONCEPT
Premises and Conclusions 14
Which of the following statements is true of ethics?
•
Ethics is about doing whatever it takes to get ahead.
•
The goal of ethics is to search for truths in order to be a better person.
•
Ethics is only important in the workplace.
•
Right and wrong are purely subjective.
CONCEPT
Introduction to Philosophical Ethics 15
An argument is valid, and its premises are true.
Which of the following terms best describes the argument?
•
Sound
•
Cogent
•
Unsound
• Uncogent CONCEPT
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