Pathophysiology > QUESTIONS & ANSWERS > Pathophysiology Exam #2 Topics study guide 2021/2022 (All)

Pathophysiology Exam #2 Topics study guide 2021/2022

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WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the vermiform appendix CAUSES? – Commonly caused by obstruction of appendiceal lumen by a fecalith (a stone made of feces) WHO IS AT RISK? – People under 45 with ... the peak ages being 10-19 years old; it affects more men than women SIGNS/SYMPTOMS- Right lower abdominal pain, nausea, occasionally diarrhea PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE: WHAT IS IT? – Disorder of the upper GI tract by action of hydrochloric acid and pesin CAUSES? – H. Pylori (75% of cases with duodenal ulcers and 60% of those with stomach/gastric ulcers), NSAIDS, excess secretion of acid, stress WHERE IS IT FOUND? – stomach, and duodenum (usually proximal duodenum) MECHANISM – Uncertain GALLSTONES: CHOLELITHIASIS WHAT IS IT? – Stones in the gallbladder/ ducts RISK FACTORS? – Women 2x more than men, obesity, rapid weight loss SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – many asymptomatic, when they obstruct the cystic duct it leads to severe upper right quadrant pain  Pain can radiate to back and cause nausea, vomiting, sweating, and flatus (gas) HIATAL HERNIA: WHAT IS IT? – A defect in the diaphragm allowing part of the stomach to pass through into the thorax CAUSES? – Associated with conditions that increase intrabdominal pressure such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Heartburn, chest pain, and dysphagia This study source was downloaded by 100000830772748 from CourseHero.com on 04-30-2022 02:11:50 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/60977929/Exam-2-Topicsdocx/ PANCREATITIS: WHAT IS IT? – inflammation of the pancreas CAUSES? – Biliary tract disease, hypertriglyceridemia, ethanol associated (drink, drank, drunk)  66% of all first cases are caused by alcoholism SIGNS/SYMPTOMS/MANIFESTATIONS- Steady boring pain in epigastrium or left upper right quadrant which gradually intensifies May radiate or penetrate to back, nausea, vomiting, fever, decreased bowel sounds TREATMENT? – NPO, Nasogastric tube to suction, IV fluids, and analgesics, Avoid alcohol PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS: WHAT IS IT? – Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes other layers CAUSES? – Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins SIGNS/SYMPTOMS/MANIFESTATIONS – Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis TREATMENTS – Antibiotics, fecal transplant, or colectomy HEPATITIS: WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the liver 3 MAJOR TYPES:  Hep A – spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper quadrant pain  Hep B – Spread by parental contact with infected body fluids o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer  Hep C – spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer [Show More]

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