Patho Hesi 2021. Revision Questions and answers. Rationale provided. Graded A+

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Patho Hesi 2021. Revision Questions ans answers. Rationale provided. Graded A+ An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often abruptly displa... ces a system from its steady state: what is that? A. positive feedback B. negative feedback C. disease D. homeostasis - A. Positive feedback Positive Feedback - -less common - Snowball Effect (some pain/ pressure gets worse and worse) - examples: clots, sneezing, childbirth - when childbirth starts there is an increase in hormone production which progressively gets worse - May use many means to correct one imbalance(NOT stable) - Moves away from equilibrium amplifies change more of a product = more contractions, more clotting factors Negative Feedback - - more common - self regulating system that helps keep the balance (increase or decrease of output/production) - If there is not enough it makes more, if there is enough it stops making it - resist any changes from normal (example = glucose and temp regulation)-example: thermoregulation- body temp decreases, heating mechanisms activated (shivering), body temp increases , cooling mechanisms activated (sweating) reduces change Disease - - the disruption in homeostasis or deviation from normal - body is no longer functioning normally - cellular process leads to disease Homeostasis - - dynamic process that is always shifting/changing (give and take system) - the body likes things just so (temp, pH, dilution, shape) - equilibrium is necessary for all cells - stable process, self regulating - can affect proteins to be in proper function/ form, release of oxygen in the muscles What organ shrinks with age? A. Prostate B. Gums C. Heart D. All of the above - B. Gums Prostate Gland (increase/decrease) - - Chestnut-shaped gland at the base of the urethra in men - produces fluid that mixes with sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles - prostate fluid further decreases acidity, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life - gets larger in size as men increase in age and can cause urethral problems Gums (increase/decrease) - - around 40 gums start to recede and decrease in size- inflammatory processes destroy gum tissue overtime and can cause pockets between the tooth, which can trap bacteria Heart (increase/decrease) - - can increase in size slightly as you age - depends one one's heart wall muscles (can strengthen heart wall muscle through exercise) Which of the following is true? A. an infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult B. the elderly have better temperature sensations C. there are more sweat glands in an elderly person D. there is less thirst perception in the elderly - D. there is less thirst perception in the elderly There is less thirst perception in the elderly (T/F) - True - the aging process alters the psychological control systems with thirst - the elderly also can take medications that can lead to dehydration - the elderly have less physical activity that does not stimulate the thirst perception An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult (T/F) - False - an infant/child's heart rate is normally slightly faster than an adult's heart rate The elderly have better temperature sensations (T/F) - False - elderly's senses are weaker as opposed to children and adults There are more sweat glands in an elderly person (T/F) - False - no correlationWhich of the following is true? A. women snore more than men B. men have higher calcium levels C. women have a lower hemoglobin than men. D. men have a lower creatinine level than women - C. Woman have a lower hemoglobin than men Woman snore more than men (T/F) - False -No correlation Men have higher calcium levels (T/F) - False - men and women have the same "normal" levels (8.8-10.6 mg/dl) - calcium intake (ages 19-50): 1,000 mg per day -older women over age 50 and older, men over age 70 should increase their calcium intake to 1,200 mg per day Women have a lower hemoglobin than men. (T/F) - True - Oxygen carrying proteins of erythrocytes - Females (12-18 = 12 to 16 g/dl) (Older than 18 = 12.1 to 15.1 g/dl) - Males (12-18 = 13 to 16 g/dl) (Older than 18= 13.6 to 17.7 Men have a lower creatinine level than women (T/F) - False - creatinine levels between men and women usually have no correlation - usually depends on how active a person is- creatinine = from the metabolism of creatine, which is involved in the supply of energy for muscle contraction An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude is termed which? A. circadian B. acclimatization C. population D. diurnal - B. acclimatization - see the word climate in the word - climate= oxygen levels/availability changes accordingly -higher altitudes/colder climates are low in oxygen availability/ levels Circadian - circadian rhythms are associated with sleep cycle Population - has no correlation to the availability of oxygen Dinural - daily; during the day What does it mean when the cause of disease is unwanted medical treatment? A. idiopathic B. ecogenetic C. genotypical D. Iatrogenic - D. Iatrogenicunintended effect of medical treatment Idiopathic - unknown cause why/how did you get the disease Ecogenetic - genetic traits related to the response to environmental substances Genotypic - refers to the genetic material of a person and a singular trait, multiple traits, or a complex of traits Which term is used for the first two months of life? A. infancy B. childhood C. prenatal D. neonatal - D. Neonatal 0-2 months Infancy - birth- 2 years Childhood - early: 3-8 years middle: 9-11 years adolescence 12-18 yearsPrenatal - during pregnancy Which is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease? A. symptom B. syndrome C. stage D. sign - D. Sign objectively identifiable of the disease clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured Symptom - clinical manifestation that are described by the patient Syndrome - a group of signs and symptoms that occur together stage - phase or severity of a disease Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines? A. they are from the parasympathetic nervous system B. they cross the blood brain barrier C. they include epinephrine and norepinephrine D. they cause of decrease in heart rate - C. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine - catecholamines= hormones made by the adrenal glands; adrenal glands send catecholamines into the blood when the body is physically or emotionally stressed-epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine -epinephrine and norepinephrine (produced in the medulla) mediate the fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system Which of the following is a true statement? A. antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation B. endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception C. epinephrine and cortisol act very differently D. cortisol negates epinephrine's activity - B. endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception -factors such as pain and stress, help stimulate the release of endorphins - the brain is able to reduce the ability to perceive pain (through opiate receptors) antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation (T/F) - False Antidiuretic hormone tells the kidneys how much water to conserve and constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in the blood epinephrine and cortisol act very differently (T/F) cortisol negates epinephrine's activity(T/F) - False - epinephrine and cortisol act similarly (help maintain blood sugar levels with the help of the growth hormone and both epinephrine and cortisol are secreted from the adrenal gland) - epinephrine is essentially adrenaline -cortisol helps decrease inflammationBy what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes? A. they use channel proteins as a membrane transport system B. they are transported across the plasma membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis C. they use voltage-gated ion channels D. they cross by diffusion. - D. They cross by diffusion. -diffusion: the movement of solutes (particles that dissolve in a solvent) from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism? A. protein synthesis. B. glycolysis C. citric acid cycle D. Oxidative phosphorylation - A. Protein Synthesis -anabolic metabolism= builds larger molecules from smaller molecules, requires energy and energy is expended - protein synthesis= process of making a protein (through the steps such as transcription) -synthesis of proteins and amino acids is anabolism and further the breakdown of proteins is catabolism Glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) - the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration - glucose and other molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygenWhich of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume? A. the calcium pump B. Glucose transporters C. the sodium-potassium pump. D. ATP-binding cassette(ABC) transporters - C. The sodium-potassium pump [Show More]

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