Which of the following is the body's first line of defense against an acid-base imbalance?
A) Respiratory buffers
B) Chemical and protein buffers
C) Renal buffers
D) Ventricular buffers - ✔✔B
In regards to acid-base
...
Which of the following is the body's first line of defense against an acid-base imbalance?
A) Respiratory buffers
B) Chemical and protein buffers
C) Renal buffers
D) Ventricular buffers - ✔✔B
In regards to acid-base imbalance, what does "compensation" mean? - ✔✔It is the body's attempt to
correct the acid-base imbalance
Which of the following places a patient at risk for a state of acidosis? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
a. A patient with severe anxiety
b. A patient rescued from a drowning
c. A patient who consumed an entire bottle of Tums
d. A patient with severe diarrhea
e. A patient with kidney failure - ✔✔B,D,E
In general, respiratory alkalosis is due to what? - ✔✔Breathing too quickly and/ or deeply
Which of the following values is associated with "alkalosis"?
(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
a. ph: 7.5
b. CO2: 30
c. HCO3: 20
d. CO2: 45
e. HCO3: 45 - ✔✔A,B,EHow will the kidneys compensate if for a patient in respiratory acidosis - ✔✔the kidneys will retain
HCO3 and/or excrete H+ to inc the pH
How will the kidneys compensate if for a patient in respiratory alkalosis - ✔✔the kidneys will excrete
HCO3 and/or excrete H+ to dec the pH
How will the lungs compensate if for a patient in metabolic alkalosis - ✔✔the lungs will dec breathing
rate/ depth to retain CO2 to dec the pH
How will the lungs compensate if for a patient in metabolic acidosis - ✔✔the lungs will inc breathing
rate/ depth to blow off more CO2 to inc the pH
potential causes for: respiratory acidosis - ✔✔opioid OD, pulmonary embolism, brainstem injury
inhibiting respiratory drive, oversedation
potential causes for: respiratory alkalosis - ✔✔extreme anxiety, initial response to hypoxia, severe pain,
high altitude
potential causes for: metabolic acidosis - ✔✔shock (lactic acid), DKA, untreated chronic kidney disease,
diarrhea
potential causes for: metabolic alkalosis - ✔✔vomiting, thiazide or loop diuretics, antacid OD, constant
NGT suctioning
Interpret this ABG:
pH 7.24
PaCO2 50
HCO3 25 - ✔✔uncompensated respiratory acidosisWhen we see that a PaCO2 is high >45, what is happening in the body to cause this? - ✔✔The patient is
breathing slow and/or shallow
--A high PaCO2 level means that the patient is breathing slow and/or shallow. They are hypoventilating.
Something is wrong with the patient's ability to breath effectively to blow off adequate amounts of CO2
that it should.
Interpret this ABG:
pH 7.49
PaCO2 30
HCO3 24 - ✔✔uncompensated respirator alkalosis
When we see that a PaCO2 is low <35, what is happening in the body to cause this? - ✔✔The patient is
breathing fast and/or deep.
--When the patient has a low CO2 level <35, the patient is breathing faster and/or deeper to blow off
extra CO2. This is hyperventilation. Although we can see this with extreme fear and anxiety, we can also
see it in earlier compensatory states where a patient is trying to breath deeper and faster because they
feel like they are not getting enough oxygen - such as in early stages of hypoxia
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