MH701 Exam 3 Modules 6-8. Examinable questions and answers. Rated A+

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MH701 Exam 3 Modules 6-8. Examinable questions and answers. Rated A+What 2 parts of the brain are affected by drug use? - Ans-1) Limbic system Lizard brain 2) Cortex (Prefrontal) Wizard brain Wha... t are the parts of the reward pathway in the brain? - Ans-1)the ventral tegmental area (VTA), 2)the nucleus accumbens, and 3) the prefrontal cortex. What is the neurotranmitter involved with addiction? - Ans-All drugs that can lead to addiction increase dopamine (DA) in ventral striatum, also called the nucleus accumbens. Psychological dependence - Ans-Characterized by a continuous or intermittent craving (i.e., intense desire) for the substance to avoid a dysphoric state. physical dependence - Ans-A type of addiction in which the body itself feels a direct need for a drug behavioral dependence - Ans-Substance-seeking activities and related evidence of pathological use patterns are emphasized What are the hallmark of substance use disorders? - Ans-Behavioral, physical, and psychological dependence How long should a person abstain from alcohol before taking disulfiram? - Ans-12 hours How long can disulfiram remain in the system after the last dose? - Ans-1-2 weeks What baseline and continued labs should be done when taken before/during disulfiram? - Ans-LFTs Nucleus Accumbens (NAC) - Ans-*The brain's Pleasure/Reward Center* *Receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the VTA-Ventral Striatum *Involved in reinforcement and attention What does the prefrontal cortex do? - Ans-Powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions Tolerance - Ans-Need more of the drug to produce same effect as time goes on. When the body becomes less responsive to the drug with repeated exposure. Addiction - Ans-Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences Postive rewards are mediated by? - Ans-Dopamine pathway Social rewards commonly associated with drug use, such as disinhibition, euphoric mood, and anxiety reduction. Negative rewards are mediated by? - Ans-GABA pathway Aversive/Anxiety/Dysphoria Where does reinforcement occur in the brain? - Ans-The ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens of the brain, collectively called the reward center. What are the 4 major diagnostic categories in DSM-5 for substance use? - Ans-1. Substance Use Disorder 2. Substance Intoxication 3. Substance Withdrawal 4. Substance-Induced Mental Disorders Cannabis during pregnancy causes? - Ans-Lower birth weights How does methadone work? - Ans-Tricks the brain into thinking it's still getting the abused drug. In fact, the person is not getting high from it and feels normal, so withdrawal doesn't occur. -A synthetic opioid agonist -A mu-opioid receptor that blocks the effects of opioids while suppressing withdrawal symptoms. - stimulate the same neurotransmitters in the brain as heroin - the neurotransmitters that stimulate a heroin high become saturated, thus a "tolerance" develops - the physical craving is more intense than that caused by heroin - after the initial experience, methadone does not produce a pleasurable sensation How does Buprenorphine work? - Ans-A partial µ-agonist/kappa-ANTagonist. It is actually a more potent µ-agonist and knocks illicit opioids off of the receptor. It is less addictive because it is a partial agonist and it has sublingual administration. Suppresses and reduces cravings for the abused drug Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone) - Ans-Opioid analgesic and opioid antagonist combination. The naloxone component is poorly absorbed via the sublingual route and is present only to prevent misuse of the medication by crushing and injecting the combined product. Because of this safety feature, buprenorphine/naloxone is the preferred formulation. Mu receptors - Ans--Analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, physical dependence. -Involved in the pleasure response triggered during alcohol consumption. -Located in the brain and central nervous system, and also in the intestines (this is why narcotic drugs cause constipation. How does naltrexone work? - Ans-An antagonist of mu opioid receptors and blocks the effects of both natural endorphins and opiate medications.Reduces alcohol consumption in two ways: 1. blocking the positive reinforcing effects of alcohol 2. suppressing craving Blocks mu opioid receptors Opioid prevention medications - Ans-Naloxone (Not to be confused with Naltrexone) Naloxone is an ingredient in several prescription drugs such as: Talwin NX(containing pentazocine and naloxone) Suboxone(containing buprenorphine and naloxone) Narcanand Vivitrol (injectable formulations of naloxone) *Naloxone basically has the same pharmacological effects as naltrexone, but it is shorter acting, Naloxone (Narcan) - Ans-Opioid antagonist Basically has the same pharmacological effects as naltrexone, but it is shorter acting, and thus makes it especially useful as a "revival" drug administered to patients who have intentionally or unintentionally overdosed on narcotics. Disulfiram - Ans-Action: Aversion therapy Used in tx of alcohol cessation/chronic alcoholism by negative conditioning. Pill taken once a day It is most effective in people who have already gone through detoxification or are in the initial stage of abstinence. Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-->increased acetaldehyde when drinking (toxic)-->N/V-->incentive not to drink Acamprosate (Campral) - Ans-Referred to as "artificial alcohol" is a medication for people in recovery who have already stopped drinking alcohol and want to avoid drinking How many daily doses of Acamproasate? - Ans-3x daily at the same time each day. How does acamprosate work? - Ans-The use of acamprosate typically begins on the 5th day of abstinence, reaching full effectiveness in five to eight days. Works on GABA and glutamate pathway and is very effective in maintaining abstinence in dependent drinkers even in severe cases *Does not prevent withdrawal symptoms* When to initiate Acamprosate and how long for it to become effective? - Ans-Begins on the 5th day of abstinence, reaching full effectiveness in 5-8 days. How does naltrexone help with alcoholism? - Ans-Blocks the euphoric effects and feelings of intoxication. This allows people with alcohol addiction to reduce their drinking behaviors enough to remain motivated to stay in treatment, avoid relapses, and take medications. Psychological and physical affects. Withdrawal - Ans-Painful physical and psychological symptoms that follow discontinuation of drug Substance Abuse - Ans-•A MALADAPTIVE PATTERN OF SUBSTANCE USE LEADING TO CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT OR DISTRESS, AS MANIFESTED BY ONE (OR MORE) OF THE FOLLOWING, OCCURRING WITHIN A 12- MONTH PERIOD: • (1) RECURRENT SUBSTANCE USE RESULTING IN A FAILURE TO FULFILL MAJOR ROLE OBLIGATIONS AT WORK, SCHOOL, OR HOME • (2) RECURRENT SUBSTANCE USE IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH IT IS PHYSICALLY HAZARDOUS (E.G., DRIVING AN AUTOMOBILE OR OPERATING A MACHINE WHEN IMPAIRED BY SUBSTANCE USE) • (3) RECURRENT SUBSTANCE-RELATED LEGAL PROBLEMS (E.G., ARRESTS FOR SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERLY CONDUCT) • (4) CONTINUED SUBSTANCE USE DESPITE HAVING PERSISTENT OR RECURRENT SOCIAL OR INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS CAUSED OR EXACERBATED BY THE EFFECTS OF THE SUBSTANCE (E.G., ARGUMENTS WITH SPOUSE ABOUT CONSEQUENCES OF INTOXICATION, PHYSICAL FIGHTS) Substance Dependence - Ans-A MALADAPTIVE PATTERN OF SUBSTANCE USE, LEADING TO CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT OR DISTRESS, AS MANIFESTED BY THREE (OR MORE) OF THE FOLLOWING, OCCURRING AT ANY TIME IN THE SAME 12-MONTH PERIOD: ◦ (1) PRESENCE OF TOLERANCE TO DRUG ◦ (2) PRESENCE OF WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME [Show More]

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