A&P 2 Module 2 problem set | 100% Verified Answers

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A&P 2 Module 2 problem set The Brain 1. List the four parts of the human brain. 2. Describe the number, location and function of the brain ventricles. 3. Label the ventricles. 4. Describe the... brain meninges and the layers. 5. What is the function of the choroid plexus? 6. What is the blood-brain barrier and how is it maintained? 7. Describe the cerebrum. 8. What is the median longitudinal fissure? 9. Raised ridges on the cerebrum are called . 10. The separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. Your Answer: 1. Cerebral, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum 2. There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there 3. 2 lateral ventricles, third and fourth ventricle 4. The layers include the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater. All three function to cover and protect the brain. The dura mater is the outer layer, surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is tough, durable and has inelastic protection. The arachnoid membrane is below the dura mater. It resembles a matrix of spider webs. The pia mater is the layer closest to the brain and spinal cord. 5. Regulating inflammatory cells in the CNS as well as in monitoring the synthesis, composition, and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid 6. Isolates the CNS from the general circulation; formed by astrocytes which maintain the barrier by secreting chemicals 7. The foremost part of the brain, is the largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass 8. Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres from one another 9. Gyri 10. Transverse fissure 1. The human brain is made up of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. 2. There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there. 3. See figure in module. 4. The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid. The leathery dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid meninx is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The inner pia mater meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain. 5. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. 6. The blood-brain barrier is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. The blood-brain barrier is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells astrocytes. Maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations which could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons. 7. The cerebrum, the foremost part of the brain, is the largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass 8. It separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres from one another. 9. Gyri 10. The transverse fissure The Brain 11. The outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres is called the and is highly convoluted and gray in color. 12. Describe the functions of the lobes of the cerebrum. 13. What is the difference between a primary area and an association area in the brain? 14. Label the regions of the cerebral cortex. 15. List the three major parts of the brain stem. 16. How is the medulla oblongata involved with the heart and lungs? 17. How is the pons involved with the eyes and ears? 18. The superior and inferior colliculi are located on the posterior portion of the . 19. How is the hypothalamus involved with the entire internal environment of the body and the endocrine system in particular? 20. All except what sensory impulses are channeled through the thalamus? Your Answer: 11. cerebellum 12. Frontal lobe- controls higher level executive functions, such as reasoning and decision making. Parietal lobe- receives sensory info from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin. Occipital lobe- interprets visual input. Temporal lobe- has sensory areas for hearing and smelling 13. Primary areas in each lobe receive or send info for one type of sensory or motor info. Association areas act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory info for purposeful action 14. Hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus 15. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata 16. The cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control centers are in the medulla. This means that the medulla controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and the size of the body's blood vessels 17. Contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum 18. Midbrain 19. It is responsible for maintaining your body's internal balance, which is known as homeostasis. To do this, the hypothalamus helps stimulate or inhibit many of your body's key processes, including: Heart rate and blood pressure 20. Those associated with the sense of smell 11. cerebral cortex 12. The frontal lobe controls higher level executive functions such as reasoning and decision making. The frontal lobe also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions. The parietal lobe receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain. The occipital lobe interprets visual input. The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling. 13. Primary areas in each lobe receive information for one type of sensory information. Association areas act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action. 14. See figure in module. 15. The brain stem is made up of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata. 16. The medulla oblongata regulates heartbeat and breathing 17. The pons regulates head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli. 18. Midbrain 19. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis, the constancy of the internal environment and controls the pituitary gland and serving as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems 20. ll sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) are channeled through the thalamus. The Brain 21. What is the function of the pineal body? 22. Describe the location and structure of the cerebellum. 23. The major function of the cerebellum is to control what type of body function? 24. What portion of the cerebellum coordinates limb movements? 25. What areas of the brain does the limbic system connect? 26. What is the purpose of the amygdala? 27. Why is the limbic system called our "feeling brain"? 28. Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid. 29. True or False: Memories are stored in one specific location in the brain. 30. The putamen, the caudate nucleus, the Globus pallidus (medial and lateral) are all parts of the . - Click here to enter answer - Your Answer: 21. Produces and regulates some hormones including melatonin 22. The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem (where the spinal cord meets the brain) and is made of two hemispheres (halves). The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. 23. Muscle movements 24. Mediate portion 25. It is connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle. 26. Responsible for the perception of emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, as well as the controlling of aggression 27. Because it deals with our emotional processing 28. Because the amygdala focuses on more visual attention then cognitive attention 29. False 30. Forebrain 21. The pineal body secretes melatonin to control the wake-sleep cycle 22. The cerebellum, below and at the back of the brain, is convoluted and divided into two hemispheres with deep fissures subdividing it into three lobes. 23. The cerebellum acts to coordinate body movements. The cerebellum is also involved with planning movements, maintaining balance, controlling certain eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone and maintaining posture. 24. Intermediate lobe, vermis 25. The limbic system connects the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. 26. The amygdala is a small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger. 27. The limbic system is our feeling brain since stimulation of different areas of the limbic system causes rage, pain, pleasure, or sorrow. 28. The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories. The fact that the limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory. 29. False 30. The basal ganglia The Spinal Cord 31. Describe the spinal cord and its extension. 32. What is the function of the spinal cord? How is this accomplished? 33. List the 3 protections for the spinal cord. 34. Describe the 3 spinal cord meninges and their associated tissues and fluids. 35. Why is a spinal tap performed in the subarachnoid space inferior to L1? 36. Identify the parts of the spinal cord shown in the diagram below: #1, 5, 9, 13: 37. Describe the composition of the gray matter of the spinal cord. 38. Describe the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord. 39. Describe the function of the white matter of the spinal cord. Your Answer: 31. The spinal cord extends from the brainstem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus medullaris 32. The spinal cord and the extension of the cauda equina is how all electrical impulses travel between the brain and the rest of the body. 33. vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid 34. spinal dura mater is separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat-filled epidural space. The space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An extension of pia mater called the filum terminale runs from the conus medullaris to the coccyx where it provides the inferior anchor for the spinal cord. 35. there is a less risk of damaging the spinal cord from the insertion of the long needle 36. 1. gray matter 5. lateral column 9. central canal 13. dorsal root ganglion 37. composed of a mixture of the cell bodies of neurons 38. is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers 39. The white matter fibers of the spinal cord are mostly composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or within) the cord carrying motor outputs with a few commissural tracts across the cord. 31. The spinal cord extends from the brain stem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus medullaris. The extension of the cord beyond L1is a collection of nerve roots called the cauda equina which runs to its end at the coccyx. 32. The spinal cord (and its extension) is how all impulses travel between the brain and the rest of the body by way of the set of 31 pairs of spinal nerves. 33. Like the brain, the spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. 34. The outer meninx, a single layer called the spinal dural (mater) sheath is separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat- filled epidural space. The space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. 35. Because the cord ends at L1, the cerebrospinal filled subarachnoid space inferior to this point is the location chosen to perform a spinal tap removal of fluid for diagnostic testing. 36. 1 = Anterior horn, 5= Lateral column, 9 = Posterior median sulcus, 13= DRG 37. The gray matter of the cord is composed of multipolar neurons and supporting cells. 38. The white matter of the cord is composed of myelinated and un- myelinated nerve fibers. 39. The white matter fibers of the spinal cord are composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or within) the cord carrying motor outputs. Cranial Nerves 40. What does visceral motor mean? What division of the nervous system contains visceral motor nerves? 41. How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have and what do most of them (except for one) control? 42. For each of the following cranial nerves, list its name, type and what it controls. Name Type Controls What? 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 43. Identify each cranial nerve by its location on the brainstem. For example, what is the cranial nerve indicated by the arrow, below? 44. Identify each cranial nerve by its location in the body. For example, what is the cranial nerve highlighted in blue, below? Your Answer: 40. they control smooth muscles or involuntary functions. The autonomic system 41. 12 pairs, and all except for one control the head, neck and face 42. The first cranial nerve is the olfactory(CN I). It is a special sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell. The nerve originates in olfactory epithelium and terminates in the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory nerves are the only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum, not the brainstem. The second cranial nerve is the optic (CN II). It is a special sensory nerve responsible for the sense of sight. The optic nerve originates in the retinas of each eye and cross at the optic chiasm and synapse in the thalamus. The neurons then connect to send information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. The third cranial nerve is the oculomotor (CN III). It is a motor nerve responsible for eye movement in both somatic motor and visceral motor systems. Somatic motor movement controls the superior, inferior, and medial rectus (the inferior oblique muscles for movement of the eye). The visceral motor division controls the dilation of the pupil. Dilation (opening) or contraction (closing) of the pupil changes the amount of light that is let into the eye.The fourth cranial nerve is the trochlear(CN IV). It is a somatic motor nerve also responsible for eye movement. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle. The fifth cranial nerve is the trigeminal (CN V). It is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. It is responsible for chewing (or mastication) and sensation of the face, nose, and mouth. There are three branches: 1) The ophthalmic branch is entirely sensory. It receives sensory information from skin around the forehead to the eyebrows and the upper part of the nose. 2) The maxillary branch is sensory only. It receives information from the lower eyelids, upper lip, upper gums, and even part of the pharynx. 3)The mandibular branch is mixed, receiving sensations from the lower gums, teeth, and lips. It receives sensory information from the tongue for sensation of heat, cold, and pressure, not taste. The motor portion of the mandibular branch controls the muscles of mastication. The sixth cranial nerve is the abducens (CN VI). It is a motor nerve responsible for eye movement innervating the lateral rectus muscles. Contracting the lateral rectus muscles makes the eye move outward (abduction of the eye).The seventh nerve is the facial (CN VII).It is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. It is responsible for facial expressions. It is also responsible for sensation of the tongue and taste on the anterior portion of the tongue. The eighth cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear (CN VIII).It is a special sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance. CN VIII travels through a hole in the temporal bone called the internal acoustic meatus. The ninth cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal (CN IX). It is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The motor portion is responsible for the swallowing muscles. The sensory portion is responsible for taste on the posterior portion of the tongue. The tenth cranial nerve is the vagus (CN X). It is a mixed motor and sensory nerve, which spreads out widely in the abdomen. It is responsible for digestion, regulation of heart rate, and sensation of the digestive tract. The eleventh nerve is the accessory (CN XI), also called spinal accessory. It is a motor nerve, and it is responsible for the control of muscles involved in rotation of the head and movement of the upper shoulders. The twelfth cranial nerve is the hypoglossal (CN XII). It is a motor nerve responsible for voluntary tongue movements. 43. trigeminal nerve 44. Accessory nerve 40. The nerves in the autonomic system are called visceral motor when they control smooth muscles or involuntary functions. 41. Humans have twelve pairs of cranial nerves most of which control the head, neck, and face 42. 1st - Olfactory - Sensory - Sense of smell 2nd - Optic - Sensory - Sense of sight 3rd - Oculomotor - Motor (Somatic and visceral) Eye movement, Visceral motor= pupil dilation 4th - Trochlear – somatic motor- Eye movement 5th - Trigeminal - Motor and sensory - Chewing and sensation of face, nose, and mouth 6th - Abducens - Motor - Eye movement 7th - Facial – Somatic and Visceral Motor and sensory - Facial expressions and sensation of tongue. Lacrimal, nasal mucous glands. 8th - Vestibulocochlear -Sensory - Hearing and balance 9th - Glossopharyngeal -Motor and sensory - Swallowing and taste. Visceral motor = parotid salivary glands 10th - Vagus -Motor and sensory - Digestion, regulation of heart rate, sensation of digestive tract 11th – Accessory- Motor - Rotation of the head and movement of upper shoulders 12th - Hypoglossal - Motor - Tongue movements 43. Trigeminal (CN V) 44. Accessory (CN XI) 0 Spinal Nerves 45. List the 5 types of human spinal nerves. 46. Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves within the vertebral column. 47. Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves after leaving the vertebral column. 48. Describe a nerve plexus and list the four major body nerve plexuses. 49. What is a dermatome? 50. What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus and what structure does it supply? 51. List the five final nerves that come from the Brachial plexus. 52. What 3 muscles are served by the axillary nerve? 53. What muscles are served by the radial nerve? 54. What muscle is served by the median nerve? 55. What muscles are served by the musculocutaneous nerve? 56. What muscles are served by the ulnar nerve? 57. What is the major nerve of the Lumbar plexus? 58. What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus and what is unique about this nerve? 59. What muscles are served by the femoral nerve? 60. What areas are served by the sciatic nerve? 61: True or False: The common tibial nerve travels on the anterior surface of the tibia. 62: Be able to label and recognize all nerves in bold. For example, what nerve is highlighted in blue, below: Your Answer: 45. Cerivcal, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal 46. Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short branches, or roots, which lie within the vertebral column . The dorsal root contains the axons of afferent sensory neurons, which conduct impulses to the cord. The ventral root contains the axons of efferent motor neurons, which conduct impulses away from the cord. These two roots join just before a spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column. Therefore, all spinal nerves are mixed nerves that take impulses to and from the spinal cord. 47.a spinal nerve divides into branches called the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus (plural rami). The smaller dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back . The larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. 48. a network of interconnecting nerves. cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses 49. a region of skin that carries sensory information through a specific pair of spinal nerves to the spinal cord and up to the brain 50. Phrenic nerve and supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm 51. the musculocutaneous nerve, axillary nerve, median nerve, radial nerve, and ulnar nerve 52. the deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles), and long head of the triceps brachii (an elbow extensor). 53. triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as twelve muscles in the forearm controlling wrist and finger extension 54. flexor muscles of the forearm and the skin of the first three and a half fingers 55. flexor muscles of the arm, including the biceps brachii and brachialis 56. part of the flexor muscles of the forearm, wrist, and hand as well as the skin of half the ring finger and pinky finger. 57. Femoral nerve 58. Sciatic nerve, largest nerve of the human body 59. hip flexors and knee extensors as well as sensation to the skin of the anterior thigh. 60. the inferior trunk and posterior surface of the thigh 61. False 62. phrenic nerve Spinal Nerves 45. Humans have 1-eight pairs of cervical (cranial) nerves, 2- twelve pairs of thoracic nerves, 3-five pairs of lumbar nerves, 4- five pairs of sacral nerves, and 5-one pair of coccygeal nerves 46. Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short roots, the dorsal root which contains the axons of afferent sensory neurons, which conduct impulses to the cord and the ventral root which contains the axons of efferent motor neurons, which conduct impulses away from the cord. These two roots join just before a spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column. 47. Almost immediately after emerging from the vertebral column, a spinal nerve divides into branches called the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. The smaller dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk including the skin and muscles of the back. The larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs. 48. A nerve plexus is a network of interconnecting spinal nerves carried together to some target location. Major plexuses include the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. 49. A dermatome is a region of skin that carries sensory information through a specific pair of spinal nerves to the spinal cord and up to the brain. 50. The phrenic nerve is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus and supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm. 51. Axillary nerve, the radial nerve, the median nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve and the he ulnar nerve. 52. The axillary nerve supplies the deltoid muscle, the teres minor muscles and the triceps brachii muscle. 53. The radial nerve supplies the triceps brachii muscle as well as 12 muscles in the forearm. 54. The median nerve supplies flexor muscles of the forearm and the skin of the first 3 ½ fingers. 55. The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the flexor muscles of the arm: biceps brachii and brachialis. 56. The ulnar nerve supplies part of the flexor muscles of the forearm, wrist, and hand as well as the skin of half the ring finger and pinky finger. 57. The femoral nerve is the major nerve of the Lumbar plexus. 58. The sciatic nerve is the major nerve that comes from the sacral plexus and is the largest nerve in the human body. 59. The femoral nerve supplies the hip flexors and knee extensors. 60. The sciatic nerve supplies the inferior trunk and posterior surface of the thigh. 61. False 62. Phrenic nerve The Autonomic Nervous System 63. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and how do they function relative to each other? 64. Explain in detail how the sympathetic nervous system functions during an emergency. 65. What type of internal responses are promoted by the parasympathetic nervous system? 66. Describe the effects caused by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on heart blood vessels, the lungs and the digestive tract. 67. What is a preganglionic axon? 68. Why is the sympathetic system also called the thoracolumbar division? 69. Name four types of ganglia found in the sympathetic division and what they control. 70. Name five types of ganglia found in the parasympathetic division and what they control. 71. What is the major neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic system? Your Answer: 63. the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Both systems function automatically (usually subconsciously) in an involuntary manner. These two divisions cause essentially opposite effects on the same visceral organ. In general, if one division stimulates, the other inhibits. 64. When in immediate danger, active muscles require a steady, increased supply of glucose and oxygen for muscular contraction. The sympathetic system accelerates the heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the breathing rate. The impacts of the sympathetic system supply the increased need for oxygen throughout body. At the same time, the sympathetic system causes the liver to deliver more glucose for the body’s increased metabolic needs. Sympathetic activation inhibits the digestive tract since digestion is not an immediate necessity when in danger or under attack. The primary neurotransmitter utilized by the sympathetic system at the target organs is norepinephrine (NE). If norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released, then the neuron is called adrenergic. 65. Parasympathetic stimulation causes the pupil of the eye to constrict and helps the lenses of the eyes to focus on nearby objects. It promotes the digestion of food through stimulation of the smooth muscles of the GI tract and secretion of digestive glands to assist digestion, such as the salivary glands. The parasympathetic system also acts to slow the heart rate. The neurotransmitter utilized by the all parasympathetic system neurons is acetylcholine (ACh). If a neuron releases acetylcholine, it is called cholinergic. 66. Slow heart rate, increased supply glucose and oxygen 67. A motor neuron cell body is located in the spinal cord or brain. The axon synapses with a second motor neuron located in an autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord. 68. because this division contains preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord, in the lateral gray horns. 69. Sympathetic trunk gangliaor lateral ganglia: located on both sides of the spinal cord, these contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head, and limbs.Celiac ganglion:largest of the ganglia, these ganglia innervate the digestive tract. Superiomesenteric ganglion:innervates the small intestine and parts of the large intestineInferior mesenteric ganglion:innervates the large intestine, kidneys, bladder, and sex organs. 70. Ciliary ganglion: Associated with cranial nerve III, this targets the intrinsic eye muscles, which change the pupil and lens. Pterygopalatine ganglion & Submandibular ganglion: Associated with CN VII, the target organs are for tear production, nasal glands, and salivary glands.Otic ganglion: Associated with CN IX, the target glands are the parotid glands. Intramural ganglia: Associated with CN X, the target glands are the visceral organs within the thoracic cavity. 71. Acetylcholine The Autonomic Nervous System 63. The two divisions of the autonomic system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These two divisions cause essentially opposite effects on the same visceral organ; if one stimulates, the other inhibits. 64. During an emergency, the sympathetic system accelerates the heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the breathing rate supplying needed oxygen and causes the liver to deliver more glucose and inhibits the digestive tract. 65. The parasympathetic system promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state. 66. The parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart blood vessels, constricts bronchioles of the lungs and increases peristalsis and relaxes the sphincters of the digestive tract. The sympathetic nervous system dilates heart blood vessels, dilates bronchioles of the lungs and decreases the activity of and constricts the sphincters of the digestive tract. 67. A motor neuron cell body located in the spinal cord or brain. The axon synapses with a second motor neuron located in an autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord. 68. The sympathetic system is also called the thoracolumbar division because this division contains preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord, in the lateral gray horns. 69. Sympathetic trunk ganglia or lateral ganglia: located on both sides of the spinal cord, these contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs. Celiac ganglion: largest of the ganglia, these ganglia innervate the digestive tract. Superiomesenteric ganglion: innervates the small intestine and parts of the large intestine Inferior mesenteric ganglion: innervates the large intestine, kidneys, bladder and sex organs. 70. Ciliary ganglion: associated with cranial nerve III, this targets the intrinsic eye muscles which change the pupil and lens. Pterygopalatine ganglion & Submandibular ganglion: associated with CN VII, the target organs are for tear production, nasal glands and salivary glands Otic ganglion: associated with CN IX, the target glands are the parotid glands Intramural ganglia: associated with CN X, the target glands are the visceral organs within the thoracic cavity. 71. Acetylcholine Nervous System Injury and Disease 72. List and describe brain damage that would occur from a slight head injury. 73. What is intracranial pressure? 74. What is the difference between apraxia and ataxia? 75. What are the two types of strokes? 76. True or False: Alzheimer’s patients have fully functioning brain tissue. For example, CT scans demonstrate no difference between an Alzheimer’s brain and a healthy brain. 77. What is quadriplegia? 78. Compression of the nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome. 79. Compression of the nerve results in the ulnar claw sign. 80. Sciatica results from compression of what nerve? Your Answer: 72. A slight injury of this type is called a concussion since the symptoms are mild and transient, including dizziness or brief loss of consciousness. No permanent neurological damage is sustained. 73. the amount of pressure available inside the skull 74. Apraxia, or impaired motor planning, is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan. Ataxia is impaired motor coordination, resulting from an injury to the cerebellum. 75. ischemic and hemorrhagic. 76. False 77. paralysis of all four limbs 78. median nerve 79. ulnar nerve 80. sciatic nerve Nervous System Injury and Disease 72. A slight injury of this type is called a concussion since the symptoms are mild and transient including dizziness or brief loss of consciousness. 73. Intracranial pressure is the amount of pressure available inside the skull. 74. Apraxia, or impaired motor planning resulting in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan. Ataxia is impaired motor coordination, resulting from an injury to the cerebellum. 75. Ischemic and hemorrhagic 76. False 77. Paralysis of all four limbs 78. Median nerve 79. Ulnar 80. Sciatic [Show More]

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