FORMULAE
You may find the following formulae useful.
energy transferred = current×voltage×time E = I×V×t
frequency = 1
time period
f = 1
T
power =
work done
time taken P = Wt
power =
energy transferred
time t
...
FORMULAE
You may find the following formulae useful.
energy transferred = current×voltage×time E = I×V×t
frequency = 1
time period
f = 1
T
power =
work done
time taken P = Wt
power =
energy transferred
time taken
P = W
t
orbital speed = 2 orbital radius
time period
π ×
v =
2 r
π T
× ×
(final speed)2 = (initial speed)2 + (2×acceleration×distance moved)
v2 = u2 + (2×a×s)
pressure×volume = constant p1×V1 = p2×V2
pressure
temperature
= constant
p T
p T
1 1
2 2
=
force = change in momentum
time taken
F = ( ) mv mu
− t
change of wavelength
wavelength
velocity of a galaxy
speed o
=
f light
− Δ
= =
0
0 0
v c
λ λ λ
λ λ
change in thermal energy = mass×specific heat capacity×change in temperature
ΔQ = m×c×ΔT
Where necessary, assume the acceleration of free fall, g = 10 m/s2.
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Answer ALL questions.
1 (a) This is an incomplete Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Absolute
magnitude
Temperature
(i) Which of these is in the shaded area of the diagram?
(1)
A black holes
B main sequence stars
C neutron stars
D protostars
(ii) On the diagram, draw the area to show the position of white dwarf stars.
Label this area WD.
(1)
(iii) On the diagram, draw the area to show the position of red giant stars.
Label this area RG.
(1)
(iv) State what is meant by the term absolute magnitude.
(2)
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(b) The Sun emits various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(i) Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum causes damage to human
surface skin cells?
(1)
A microwaves
B radio waves
C ultraviolet
D visible light
(ii) Which of these increases the risk of damage to human surface skin cells?
(1)
A sunbathing
B using protective sun cream
C very cloudy weather
D wearing sunglasses
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