ANATOMY IN MOTION_ANATOMY 1.1_STUDY NOTES||UPDATED AND RATED 100%

I. Anatomical Position II. Anatomical Planes III. Relationships IV. Laterality V. Movement A. Terms of Movement VI. Bones A. Classification B. Type of bones C. Bone Markings VII. Joints A. Classifications ...

I. Anatomical Position II. Anatomical Planes III. Relationships IV. Laterality V. Movement A. Terms of Movement VI. Bones A. Classification B. Type of bones C. Bone Markings VII. Joints A. Classifications VIII. Muscles A. Forms B. Contraction C. Functions IX. Divisions of Anatomy OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: 1. Describe the anatomical position. 2. Define anatomical planes, and terms of relationship, laterality and movement. 3. Give the functions of bones. 4. Classify the bones. 5. Define the bone markings. 6. Classify muscles as to form function. 7. Differentiate reflexive, tonic and phasic muscle contraction. 8. Differentiate regional, systemic and clinical anatomy. I. ANATOMICAL POSITION • Head, gaze, toes directed anteriorly • Arms to the sides with palms facing anteriorly • Lower limbs close together with feet parallel • Inferior orbital margin at level with the external acoustic meatus II. ANATOMICAL PLANES • Median Plane – vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body; divides the body into equal left and right parts; (For the handthe 3rd digit; for the foot- the 2nd toe) • Sagittal Plane – vertical line passing through the body parallel to the median plane (*Paramedian plane- a plane very near the median plane)Anterior/Ventral (Front Forward) vs. Posterior/Dorsal (Back) o Palmar (Front of Hand/Palm) vs. dorsal (Back of Hand) o Plantar (Sole of Feet) vs. dorsal (Top of Feet) • Superior – Area near vertex vs. Inferior – Area near feet o Cephalo (head) vs. Caudal (tail) • Medial vs. Lateral (Importance of a reference point) o Medial – closer to the median plane (ex: Heart is medial to lungs) o Lateral – farther to the median plane (ex: Lungs are lateral to Heart) • Proximal (Nearest) vs. Distal (Farthest) - (Refer to the trunk/reference point) • Superficial (Outermost) vs. Intermediate (In between) vs. Deep (Innermost) – (Layering/Depth) ___________________IV. LATERALITY______________ _____ • Bilateral – structures occurring in both right and left sides of the body (e.g. kidneys) • Unilateral – on one side only (e.g. spleen) • Ipsilateral – same side (e.g. right hand and right foot) • Contralateral – on the opposite sides of the body (e.g. right hand contralateral to the left hand) __________________V. MOVEMENT_____________________ A. Terms of Movement • Flexion - bending or decreasing angle bet. bones or parts of the body • Extension - straightening or increasing angle • Dorsiflexion - flexion at ankle joint (e.g. climbing uphill); bringing the foot upwards • Plantarflexion - bends the foot and toes toward the ground; bending your ankle joint & point your toes down • Lateral Flexion - right or left flexion of trunk or head • Abduction - moving away from the median plane • Adduction - moving toward the median plane • Circumduction - circular movements that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, adduction • Rotation - turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis NOTE: lateral rotation of leg means clockwise or away; medial rotation of leg means counterclockwise or towards middle head: lateral rotation ONLY! • Pronation - rotates the radius medially, palm faces posteriorly • Supination - rotates radius laterally and uncrossing from the ulna (like holding a bowl of soup) • Eversion - sole of the feet away from the median plane, turning sole laterally NOTE: when the foot is fully everted, it is also DORSIFLEXED • Inversion - sole towards the median plane, turning sole medially NOTE: when the foot is fully inverted, it is also PLANTARFLEXED *Supinate/Supination = inversion + adduction *Pronate/Pronation = eversion + abduction • Protrusion - movement anteriorly. Like pouting of lips • Retrusion - movement posteriorly (backward/protraction) • Elevation - raises or moves a part superiorly • Depression - lowers or moves a part inferiorly NOTE: elevation and depression can be used for the shoulders • Opposition - pad of 1st digit brought to another digit pad • Reposition - movement from opposition back to anatomical (normal) position ____________________VI. BONES_______________________ A. Classification According to: • Function o Axial skeleton § Axis of the body § Includes vertebral column and bones of the head, neck, and trunk (ribs, sternum) o Appendicular skeleton § Appendages (connections to the axis) § Bones of the limbs including those forming the pectoral and pelvic girdles • Shape o Long- tubular (e.g. femur, humerus) o Short- cuboidal (e.g. tarsus, carpus) o Flat- has protective function (e.g. skull, capula, sternum, ribs (protective) o Irregular- various shapes (e.g. vertebrae, ossicles, facial bones) o Sesamoid- develops in tendinous attachment (e.g. patella) B. Type of Bones • Compact o Outside/periphery of the bone o Strongest part, sturdy • Spongy o Within the bone, support structure that maintains bone especially in weight bearing areas C. Bone Markings - Appear wherever tendons, ligaments and fascias are attached - May be used as clues in identifying bones and determining laterality • Articulations o Condyle- large, round protuberance at the end of a bones (e.g., lateral condyle of the femur) o Facet- smooth, flat articular process; usually covered with cartilage (e.g., superior articular facet of the vertebra) o Projections, processes: projecting spine-like part o Head- large, round articular projection supported on the neck of a bone (e.g., head of the femur) • Extensions o Crest- narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent (e.g., iliac crest of the hip bone)