MCAT UPDATED TEST BANK(COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)

MCAT UPDATED TEST BANK(COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) Cell Theory Correct Answer: -all living things composed of cells -cell=basic functional unit of life -cells from other cells only -cells have DNA (parent-->da ...

MCAT UPDATED TEST BANK(COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) Cell Theory Correct Answer: -all living things composed of cells -cell=basic functional unit of life -cells from other cells only -cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells) magnification Correct Answer: increase size resolution Correct Answer: differentiate close objects eyepiece magnification Correct Answer: 10x objective magnification Correct Answer: 4x,10x,20x, 100x total magnification Correct Answer: eyepiece x objective diaphragm (microscope) Correct Answer: controls light image contrast hematoxylin Correct Answer: -commonly used dye -shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA) how does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids? Correct Answer: binds to the negative sugar-phosphate backbone phase contrast microscope Correct Answer: -living organisms -differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures electron microscope Correct Answer: -atomic level -samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrast prokaryotes Correct Answer: before nuclei (no nuclei) eukaryotes Correct Answer: after nuclei types of prokaryotes Correct Answer: bacteria and blue-green algae prokaryote characteristics Correct Answer: -unicellular -no nucleus or membrane bound organelles -cell wall in all -ability to carry other pieces of DNA What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes? Correct Answer: -single circle molecule of DNA -within nucleoid region plasmids Correct Answer: -circular DNA -small -few genes -replicate independently cocci Correct Answer: spherical bacteria bacilli Correct Answer: rod-shaped bacteria how do antibacterials work? Correct Answer: tend to attack bacterial specific structures Eukaryote characteristics Correct Answer: -protists, fungi, plants, and animals -cell walls in fungi and plants -nucleus -unicellular or multicellular cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: -actin filaments -intermediate filaments -microtubules Smallest cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: actin filaments largest cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: microtubules phospholipid bilayer Correct Answer: -hydrophobic nonpolar tail -hydrophilic polar head -cholesterol molecules purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer Correct Answer: regulate fluidity transport proteins Correct Answer: -control entry/exit -polar molecules and ions allowed through cell adhesion molecule purpose Correct Answer: -CAMs -allow cells to recognize each other -proper cell differentiation and development nucleus membrane Correct Answer: -double membrane -nuclear membrane/envelope purpose of nucleolus Correct Answer: ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA) Ribosomes Correct Answer: -protein production -free and bound types Endoplasmic Reticulum Correct Answer: -production and sorting of materials from cell smooth ER purpose Correct Answer: lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons rough ER purpose Correct Answer: protein production Golgi structure Correct Answer: membrane bound sacs golgi purpose Correct Answer: -receives from smooth ER -repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles lysosomes Correct Answer: -'garbage dumps' -receives from endosomes -uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH -break down materials -remove old cell components and replace -can cause autolysis autolysis Correct Answer: cell suicide mitochondria Correct Answer: powerhouse -2 layers -semi-autonomous -inherited only from the mother 2 layers of mitochondria Correct Answer: outer-walls inner-electron transport chain what is the purpose of cristae on mitochondria? Correct Answer: increase surface area semi-autonomous Correct Answer: own genes -replicate independently types of microbodies Correct Answer: -peroxisomes -glyoxysomes peroxisomes Correct Answer: -create hydrogen peroxide -break down fats -catalyze detox glyoxysomes Correct Answer: -germinating plants -convert fats to sugars chloroplasts Correct Answer: -in plants and algae -powerhouse -contain chlorophyll -generation of energy -own DNA plant cell wall composition Correct Answer: cellulose fungi cell wall composition Correct Answer: chitin animal cell wall composition Correct Answer: no cell wall!! centrioles Correct Answer: -specialized microtubules -spindle formation -no membrane -in animals not in plants microfilaments Correct Answer: -rods of actin -muscular contraction with interaction with myosin -movement of materials within cell membrane microtubules Correct Answer: -hollow -polymers of tubulin -throughout cell -transport and structural support -structural basis for cilia and flagella intermediate fillaments Correct Answer: integrity of cytoskeleton osmosis Correct Answer: -water movement -low solute to high solute hypotonic solution Correct Answer: -solute inside of cell greater than surrounding -causes cell to swell hypertonic solution Correct Answer: -solute inside of cell less than surrounding What types of materials are impermeable to membrane? Correct Answer: -large -polar -charged pinocytosis Correct Answer: endocytosis of fluids and small particles phagocytosis Correct Answer: ingestion of large molecules