Usmle Step 1 First Aid Exam Questions and Answers

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls - diagnosis? - ANSWER Albright's syndrome blue-domed cysts - diagnosis? - ANSWER fibrocystic change of the breast We ...

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls - diagnosis? - ANSWER Albright's syndrome blue-domed cysts - diagnosis? - ANSWER fibrocystic change of the breast Wermer's syndrome - also known as? - ANSWER MEN type I "wire loop" appearance on Light microscopy- diagnosis? - ANSWER lupus nephropathy what is the defect in Job's syndrome? - ANSWER neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality - due to failure of IFN-gamma production by helper T cells xanthochromia of CSF - diagnosis? - ANSWER subarachnoid hemorrhage 4 most common brain tumors in adults - ANSWER mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma most common supratentorial brain tumor in kids - ANSWER craniopharyngioma most common bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient - ANSWER Klebsiella pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement - diagnosis? - ANSWER glioblastoma multiforme pseudorosettes - diagnosis? - ANSWER Tumour(Ewing's sarcoma) nutmeg liver - diagnosis? - ANSWER CHF "Orphan Annie" nuclei - diagnosis? - ANSWER papillary carcinoma of the thyroid painless jaundice - diagnosis? - ANSWER pancreatic cancer (of head) most common liver disease - ANSWER alcoholic liver disease "brown tumor" of bone - possible diagnoses? - what causes the brown color? - ANSWER hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease) - color is due to hemorrhage in cysts renal epithelial casts in urine - diagnosis? - ANSWER acute toxic/viral nephrosis most common location of brain tumors in kids - ANSWER infratentorial cardiomegaly with apical atrophy - diagnosis? - ANSWER Chagas' disease most common mets to bone - ANSWER breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney most common mets to brain - ANSWER lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI most common mets to liver - ANSWER colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung carcinomas most common motor neuron disease - ANSWER ALS Charcot's triad of cholangitis - ANSWER jaundice, RUQ pain, fever Charcot-Leyden crystals - diagnosis? - what are they? - ANSWER bronchial asthma - eosinophil membranes what is the defect in Chediak-Higashi disease? - ANSWER phagocyte deficiency S3 - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, CHF (LV failure) what are Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and in what circumstance do they occur? - ANSWER central apnea in CHF and increased intracranial pressure Schiller-Duval bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER yolk sac tumor what does chronic atrophic gastritis predispose to? - ANSWER gastric carcinoma what is Sezary syndrome? - ANSWER cutaneous T-cell lymphoma DES (diethylstilbesterol- prescribed to pregnant women in 60s) exposure in utero predisposes to what? - ANSWER clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina cold agglutinins - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER Mycoplasma pneumonia or infectious mononucleosis Schwartzman reaction - associated with? - ANSWER Neisseria meningitidis signet-ring cells - diagnosis? - ANSWER gastric carcinoma Councilman bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER toxic or viral hepatitis Cowdry type A bodies - caused by what? - ANSWER herpesvirus hypochromic microcytosis - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning periosteal elevation on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER pyogenic osteomyelitis benign polyposis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Peutz-Jeghers syndrome penile fibrosis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Peyronie's disease: an inflammatory, benign condition that may cause a curvature, deformity or shortening of the erect penis most common organs sending mets - ANSWER lung > breast, stomach ferruginous bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER asbestosis string sign on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER Crohn's disease idiopathic peripheral polyneuritis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome most common ethnic group affected by cystic fibrosis - what dietary deficiency is associated with CF? - what lung problems occur? - ANSWER Caucasians - fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies - mucous plugs and lung infections most common heart murmur - ANSWER mitral valve prolapse what is Hand-Schuller-Christian disease? - ANSWER chronic progressive histiocytosis (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) Reinke crystals - diagnosis? - ANSWER Leydig cell tumor most common helminth infection in the U.S. - 2nd most common? - ANSWER Enterobius vermicularis - Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd most common renal cell carcinoma, cavernous hemangiomas, adenomas - diagnosis? - ANSWER von Hippel-Lindau disease hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and upper respiratory tract infections - diagnosis? - ANSWER Henoch-Schonlein purpura most common tumor of infancy - ANSWER hemangioma Charcot's triad of multiple sclerosis - ANSWER nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech (where the same emphasis is put on each syllable like scanning a poem) most common causes of DIC - ANSWER Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma most common cause of myocarditis - ANSWER coxsackie B Kussmaul hyperpnea - diagnosis? - ANSWER diabetic ketoacidosis Lisch nodules - diagnosis? - ANSWER neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema - diagnosis? - what causes it? - ANSWER wet beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency) most common malignancy associated with noninfectious fever - ANSWER Hodgkin's disease port-wine stain - diagnosis? - ANSWER hemangioma what is Trousseau's sign of malignancy? - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER migratory thrombophlebitis - visceral cancer or pancreatic adenocarcinoma Homer Wright rosettes - diagnosis? - ANSWER neuroblastoma what is Trousseau's sign of latent tetany? - diagnosis? - ANSWER carpal spasm - hypocalcemia what is Virchow's triad? - predilection for what? - ANSWER blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation - pulmonary embolism what is von Recklinghausen's disease of bone? - ANSWER osteitis fibrosa cystica ("brown tumor") adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia - diagnosis? - ANSWER Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome most common cause of hemochromatosis - causes risk of? - ANSWER multiple blood transfusions - can cause CHF and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma mechanism of action of macrolides and clindamycin? - ANSWER bind 50S subunit and block translocation most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia - ANSWER 21-hydroxylase deficiency most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids - benign or malignant? - ANSWER neuroblastoma - malignant most common cause of SIADH - ANSWER small cell carcinoma of the lung most common cause of Cushing's syndrome - 2nd most common? - ANSWER corticosteroid therapy - excess ACTH secretion by pituitary is 2nd most common cause of hypopituitarism - ANSWER adenoma suboccipital lymphadenopathy - diagnosis? - ANSWER rubella most common vasculitis - poses risk for? - what causes this? - ANSWER temporal arteritis - risk of ipsilateral blindness - due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma - ANSWER cirrhotic liver, often due to hepatitis B and C most common cause of viral encephalitis - ANSWER HSV what is the defect in Chediak-Higashi syndrome? - symptoms? - ANSWER defect in microtubule polymerization, causing decreased phagocytosis - symptoms: recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy most common cause of Addison's - 2nd most common? - ANSWER autoimmune - infection is 2nd "smudge cell" - diagnosis? - ANSWER CLL most common cause of constrictive pericarditis - ANSWER tuberculosis soap bubble on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER giant cell tumor of bone spike and dome on EM - diagnosis? - ANSWER membranous glomerulonephritis what is a Spitz nevus? - ANSWER benign juvenile melanoma splinter hemorrhages in fingernails - diagnosis? - ANSWER endocarditis most common pituitary tumor - 2nd most common? how does it stain? - ANSWER prolactinoma - somatotropic adenoma is 2nd - acidophilic what gene is mutated in cystic fibrosis, and how? - treatment? how does it work? - ANSWER CFTR - deletion of Phe 508 - N-acetylcysteine cleaves disulfide bonds in mucus substrates in urea cycle - ANSWER Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination: Ornithine - Carbamoyl phosphate - Citrulline - Aspartate - Argininosuccinate - Fumarate - Arginine - Urea treatment for malaria - ANSWER chloroquine + primaquine to prevent relapse by dormant species in liver name 10 X-linked recessive disorders - ANSWER Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds False Hope: Bruton's agammaglobulinemia Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Fragile X G6PD defiency Ocular albinism Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne's/Becker's muscular dystrophy Hemophilia A and B Fabry's disease Hunter's syndrome name 8 facultative intracellular bacteria - ANSWER Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY: Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism - ANSWER adenoma