OCR A Level Classical Civilisation H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians, QUESTION PAPER AND AND ANSWERS. GRADED A+

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Answer all the questions in this section. Start your answer to each 10, 20 and 30 mark question on a new page. Source A: Euripides Suppliants: 429–450 There’s no heavier burden for a city to be... ar than a monarch. To begin with, a city like that has no laws that are equal to all of its citizens. It can’t. It is a place where one man holds all the laws of the city in his own hands and dictates them as he wants. What then of equality? Written laws, however, give this equal treatment to all, rich and poor. If a poor man is insulted by a rich one, then that poor man has every right to use the same words against that rich man. The poor can win against the rich if justice is on his side. The essence of freedom is in these words: “He who has a good idea for the city let him bring it before its citizens.” You see? This way, he who has a good idea for the city will gain praise. The others are free to stay silent. Is there a greater exhibition of fairness than this? Where the people hold the power, they can watch with great enjoyment the youth of their city thrive. Not so when there is a single ruler. The moment he sees someone who stands out in some way, he becomes afraid of losing his crown and so he kills him. So how could a city possibly flourish like that? How could it grow in strength when someone goes about culling its bright youth like a farmer goes about cutting off the highest tips of his wheat during Spring? Why would anyone want to bother with wealth and livelihood for his children if it will all end up in the ruler’s hands? 1 (a) ‘There’s no heavier burden for a city to bear than a monarch.’ (Line 1). What is the name of the character who is speaking these words in the passage in Source A? [1] (b) What prominent position does this character hold, and in which city? [2] 2 Discuss how the speaker in Source A supports the Athenian principles of equality in law (isonomia) and the equal right to speech (isēgoria). [10] During the period 462–451BC Ephialtes and Pericles introduced radical reforms to the system of democracy developed by Solon and Cleisthenes. 3 Ephialtes changed the powers of the Areopagus. Who made up the membership of the Areopagus? [1] 4 Which Athenian playwright wrote a play in which Athena establishes the court of the Areopagus? [1] 5 Explain why some Athenians might have welcomed the changes in the powers and role of the Areopagus. [10] 5 10 15 3 © OCR 2021 H408/34 Oct21 Turn over 6* ‘The introduction of payment for office was the most important reform of the period 462–451BC.’ Explain how far you agree with this statement. Justify your response. You may use your knowledge of Ephialtes’ and Pericles’ reforms as a starting point in your answer. [20] [Section A Total: 45] 4 © OCR 2021 H408/34 Oct21 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Copyright Information OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity. For queries or further information please contact The OCR Copyright Team, The Triangle Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA. OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. Section B Answer one of the following questions. Use classical sources, and secondary sources, scholars and/or academic works to support your argument. You should also consider possible interpretations of sources by different audiences. Either 7* Explain how far you agree that we can completely understand Athenian democracy just from the works of Thucydides and Aristophanes. [30] Or 8* ‘Some Athenians regarded oligarchy as a better form of government than democracy.’ With reference to at least two of the e authors you have studied, discuss why you think some Athenians might have held this view. [30] [Section B Total: 30] END OF QUESTION PAPER Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations GCE Classical Civilisation H408/34: Democracy and the Athenians Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021 [Show More]

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