Perspective taking (3 things people do when perspective taking) - ✔✔1. perceptual (groaning at fall)
2. affective (feeling others emotions)
3. conceptual (keeping track of what others are thinking and feeling)
PECS
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Perspective taking (3 things people do when perspective taking) - ✔✔1. perceptual (groaning at fall)
2. affective (feeling others emotions)
3. conceptual (keeping track of what others are thinking and feeling)
PECS Stage 1 : physical exchange - ✔✔when the client
1. sees a highly preferred item
2. pick up the picture
3. reach toward and release to communicative partners hand
(needs 2 people
1. communicative partner
2. physical prompter)
PECS Stage 2: Expanding Spontaneity - ✔✔1. travel to communication board
2. pull off desired item
3. move 2 communicative partner
4. release to communicative partners hand
(needs 2 people
1. communicative partner
2. physical prompter)
PECS Stage 3: Picture discrimination - ✔✔Client will discriminate among variety of pictures and give the appropriate one to communicative partner
(no physical prompter)
PECS stage 3A (Picture discrimination) - ✔✔1. Chooses between one highly preferred item and one non proffered item
2. uses 4 step error if needed
(no physical prompter)
PECS Stage 3B (Picture discrimination) - ✔✔1. chooses between two highly preferred items
2. correspondence checks
3. 4 step error correction
(no physical prompter)
PECS Stage 4: Sentence Structure - ✔✔1. construct MULTI WORD phrases with sentence strip to request item
(no physical prompter)
PECS Stage 5: Responding - ✔✔1. Will respond to "What do you want" by construction of multi word phrases with sentence strip
2. spontaneous request of items is achieved
(no physical prompter)
PECS Stage 6: Responsive and Spontaneous Commenting - ✔✔Correctly answer random questions
-What do you want?
-What do you see?
-What do you hear?
(no physical prompter)
Six Phases of PECS - ✔✔1. Physical Exchange
2. Expanding Spontaneity
3. Picture Discrimination
4. Sentence Structure
5. Responding
6. Responsive and Spontaneous Commenting
Time Out - ✔✔Removing or reduction reinforcement for a particular period when the problem behavior occurred
Overcorrection - ✔✔Requiring a client to engage in effortful behavior directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by behavior
Automatic Reinforcement Interventions - ✔✔Providing the client with automatic reinforcement or teaching a client to provide themselves with automatic reinforcement appropriate by providing breaks or a time to engage in these activities
Types of Discontinuous Measures - ✔✔1. Partial interview
2. Whole interval recording
3. Momentary time sampling
Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) - ✔✔Providing access to preferred items/activities, automatic reinforcement, and/or breaks from demands throughout the day in the absence of manipulative behaviors
Schedules of Reinforcement - ✔✔1. Continuous reinforcement (CRF)- reinforcement is provided for each occurrence of behavior
2. Intermittent reinforcement (INT)- Some, but not all occurrences of behavior are reinforced
A. Ratio - reinforcement is delivered after a certain # of responses
B. Interval- reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a certain amount of time since the last reinforcement
C. Fixed - Number of responses or amount of time remains the same but centers around average
D. Variable- number of responses or amount of time = random
Continuous Measurement Procedures - ✔✔1. Frequency- Records every possible behavior occurrence
2. Duration- recording number of seconds each instance of a behavior occurred
3. Latency - recording the elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus to initiation of response
4. Inter-response time - record time elapsed between two successive responses
Behavior Momentum - ✔✔2- 5 easy tasks the client typically complies with followed by a more difficult task the client is less likely to comply with to increase likelihood of compliance with more difficult tasks.
Systematic Desensitization - ✔✔involves gradually providing a client with longer and longer exposures and closer approximations to feared sounds environments, items and/or activities while encouraging relation
Sensory extinction (stereotypic behavior intervention) - ✔✔Masking/removing the sensory consequence of a behavior
example: putting on long sleeve/gloves on a client who always scratches
Replacement behavior (stereotypic behavior intervention) - ✔✔Providing access to appropriate stimulation matching the sensory stimulation function is equal or more reinforcing, equal or easier to produce, and/or competes with the sensory stimulation
example: crunch food versus chewing inedible objects
Stereotypic behavior interventions - ✔✔1. sensory extinction
2. replacement behaviors
3. behavior interruption
4. systemic desensitization
5. self management
5. Alternating passive vs. Active activities and providing breaks
7. differential reinforcement
8. non-contingent access
Differential Reinforcement (stereotypic behavior intervention) - ✔✔Reinforcing desired behavior while withholding reinforcement for and undesirable behavior
A. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI)
B. Differential reinforcement of Alternating behaviors (DRA)
C. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO)
D. Differential reinforcement of of Low Rates of behavior (DRL)
Non-contingent access (stereotypic behavior int
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