NBCOT Exam questions with answers. 100% graded A+

NBCOT Exam questions with answers. 100% graded A+ In infant development which comes first: bilaterality or unilaterality? - ✔✔__________ precedes unilaterality in infant development When does hand dominance beg ...

NBCOT Exam questions with answers. 100% graded A+ In infant development which comes first: bilaterality or unilaterality? - ✔✔__________ precedes unilaterality in infant development When does hand dominance begin to develop? - ✔✔Hand dominance begins to develop at 3 to 6 years and is not fully defined until 6 years Can someone with receptive aphasia participate in sensory testing? - ✔✔Individuals with this disorder cannot comprehend spoken or written words or symbols. Individuals cannot understand verbal directions or respond to sensory stimuli. What is agnosia? - ✔✔Agnosia is a category of defecits where the patient lacks recognition of familiar object as perceived by the senses. This could involve all the senses and manifests with problems in body scheme such as somatognosia and anosognosia. What is somatognosia? - ✔✔Lack of awareness of one's body parts. What is anosognosia? - ✔✔Anosognosia: Transient severe form of neglect. Patient does not recognize the presence or severity of his paralysis. What is prosopagnosia? - ✔✔Face blindness. Inability to identify an individual by their face. What is visual-spacial agnosia? - ✔✔Affects perception of spatial relationship between objects or between objects and self. What is auditory agnosia? - ✔✔Inability to recognize sounds words and non-words. What is visual agnosia? - ✔✔Lack of ability to recognize common objects and demonstrate their use in an activity. What is apraxia? - ✔✔Loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements What is ideomotor apraxia? - ✔✔Inability to imitate gestures or perform a purposeful motor task on command even though the patient is able to fully understand the idea or concept of a task. This is often associated with left hemisphere damage. What is ideational apraxia? - ✔✔The disability of carrying out complex sequential motor acts. Caused by a disruption of the conception rather than execution. (Loss of tool function knowledge) What is constructional apraxia? - ✔✔Unable to produce designs in 2 or three dimensions by copying drawing or constructing. What is oral apraxia? - ✔✔Difficulty in forming and organizing intelligable words though the musculature required to do so is in tact. Differs from disarthria because no muscles are affected and speech is not slurred. What is a neuroma? - ✔✔A ______ is an unorganized mass of nerve fibers resulting from a laceration (either surgical or accidental) or amputation in which the nerve regrows in unorganized bundles. Results in sharp radiating pain. By what age does an infant sit erect and unsupported for several minutes? - ✔✔By 8 to 9 months an infant can sit erect and unsupported. What is reflex sympathetic dystrophy? - ✔✔__________ is caused by trauma post-surgical inflammation infection or laceration to an extremity. Characterized by pain edema shiny skin blotchy skin and excessive sweating or dryness. What is another name for reflex sympathetic dystrophy? - ✔✔Complex regional pain syndrome. What is a symmetric tonic neck reflex? - ✔✔When an infant's neck is extended the elbows extend and the hips flex. When the head is lowered the elbows flex and the hips extend. What is a bunny hop pattern? - ✔✔A bunny hop pattern is a result of symmetric tonic neck reflex utilization in order to elicit movement at the hips and elbows for mobility. What is a neuroma? - ✔✔A complication of nerve structure or amputation. A traumatic ______ is an unorganized mass of nerve fibers resulting from accidental or surgical cutting of the nerve. Results in sharp radiating pain. What sensory region does the radial nerve innervate on the hand? - ✔✔Radial Nerve What stage is initiated by looking at and reaching for food? - ✔✔The oral preparatory phase. What behavior would a child with poor modulation of tactile input display? - ✔✔Children with autism often are unpredictable both craving and avoiding sensory stimuli at various times. After swallowing a pureed substance you notice the individual has a wet gurgling voice. What might this indicate? - ✔✔Possible aspiration. A videoflouroscopy is often times needed to determine is this is the case. In an acute care psychiatric setting which group treatment is the most appropriate for individuals with disorganized psychosis? - ✔✔Directive group treatment: a highly structured approach used in acute care for minimally functional individuals. What type of group structure would be most appropriate for individuals with substance abuse? - ✔✔A task group is appropriate for substance abuse disorders. What group format is most appropriate for eating and adjustment disorders? - ✔✔Psychoeducation groups What is a Laissez-Faire leadership style? - ✔✔Laissez-Faire is a "hands off" approach. Goals are not stated the purpose is not clear members are not discouraged or encouraged. This is for a high-functioning group. What is the optimum number of members for a therapy group? - ✔✔Five to six. What is the optimum number of members for a counseling group? - ✔✔No more than eight members. What would you do if you had ten people assigned to your group? - ✔✔Divide them into two subgroups. What is autocratic leadership? - ✔✔The leader exerts complete control. What is democratic leadership? - ✔✔This style can be a problem-solving style. Group members feel safe to express views thoughts and feelings. According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as beneficence? - ✔✔Concern for the safety and well-being of the recipients of OT services. According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as nonmaleficence? - ✔✔Ensure recipient's safety and do no harm. According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as autonomy? - ✔✔Respect patient rights including confidentiality. According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as procedural justice? - ✔✔Comply with laws According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as veracity? - ✔✔Providing accurate information when representing the profession (don't lie) According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as duty? - ✔✔Maintain credentials and continually learn craft According to the OT code of ethics what is defined as fidelity? - ✔✔Treat colleagues and other professionals with respect fairness and integrity. What are the normal ROM limits of cervical flexion extension and lateral flexion? - ✔✔0-45 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of cervical rotation? - ✔✔0-60 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of thoracic and lumbar spine flexion? - ✔✔0-80 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of thoracic and lumbar spine extension? - ✔✔0-30 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of lateral flexion of the spine? - ✔✔0-40 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of rotation of the spine? - ✔✔0-45 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of shoulder flexion? - ✔✔0-170 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of shoulder extension? - ✔✔0-60 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of shoulder abduction? - ✔✔0-170 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of shoulder adduction? - ✔✔0 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of horizontal adduction? - ✔✔0-130 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of horizontal abduction? - ✔✔0-40 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of shoulder internal rotation? - ✔✔0-70 degrees in shd abduction 0-60 degrees in shd adduction What are the normal ROM limits of shoulder external rotation? - ✔✔0-90 degrees in shd abduction 0-80 degrees in shd adduction What are the normal ROM limits of elbow flexion? - ✔✔0-140 degrees What are the normal ROM limits of elbow extension? - ✔✔0 degrees What are the normal ROM limits for pronation and supination? - ✔✔0-80/90 degrees What are precautions of neuroleptic medications? - ✔✔Power tools and sharp instruments should be avoided and sun exposure should be limited. What is extrapyramidal syndrome? - ✔✔Extrapyramidal syndrome is a neurological side effect of anti-psychotic medication that mimics the effects of Parkinson's disease. This can cause rigidity bradykinesia cogwheel and leadpipe rigidity loss of postural mechanisms and a resting pill-rolling tremor. What is tardive dyskinesia? - ✔✔Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological syndrome caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive involuntary purposeless movements. Features of the disorder may include grimacing tongue protrusion lip smacking puckering and pursing and rapid eye blinking. Involuntary movements of the fingers may appear as though the individual is playing an invisible guitar or piano. What is ataxia? - ✔✔______ describes a lack of coordination while performing voluntary movements. It may appear as clumsiness inaccuracy or instability. What is bradykinesia? - ✔✔Bradykinesia means "slow movement." What is choreoathetosis? - ✔✔____________ is a movement of intermediate speed fluctuating between the quick flitting movements of chorea and the slower writhing movements of athetosis. What is dystonia? - ✔✔________ is a neurologic movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions usually producing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions. What is Huntington's Disease? - ✔✔The classic signs of HD include the development of chorea-or involuntary rapid irregular jerky movements that may affect the face arms legs or trunk-as well as the gradual loss of thought processing and acquired intellectual abilities (dementia). What is adiadochokinesis? - ✔✔The inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as pronation/supination. What is dysmetria? - ✔✔Dysmetria is the inability to estimate the ROM necessary to meet the target. Evident when the individual tries to touch the nose. What is nystagmus? - ✔✔Involuntary movement of the eyeballs in an up/down back/forth motion. Interferes with head control. What is dysarthria? - ✔✔Explosive or slurred speech caused by incoordination of muscles involved in speech. Classified as a neuromotor problem. What is ballism? - ✔✔Rare symptom that is produced by continuous abrupt contractions of the axial and proximal musculature of the extremity. What are intention tremors? - ✔✔Occurs during voluntary movement. Intensified at the termination of the movement and often associated with MS. What are resting tremors? - ✔✔Occurs at rest and subsides when voluntary movement is attempted. Seen in Parkinson's disease. What is the first level of OT intervention? - ✔✔Adjunctive methods. These are preliminary to the use of purposeful activities and may include exercise facilitation and inhibition techniques positioning sensory stim PAMs and splints. -OTs evaluate performance components (innate abilities) What is the second stage of OT intervention? - ✔✔Enabling activities. May not yet be considered purposeful activities but are steps toward performance of purposeful activities. -Performance components and areas (Dressing using adaptive equipment) What is stage three of OT intervention? - ✔✔Purposeful activities: Evaulate performance areas. Have inherent autonomous goals and are relevant and meaningful to the patient such as ADLs IADLs etc. Used to evaluate facilitate restore or maintain a person's ability to function in life roles What is stage four of OT treatment? - ✔✔Occupations. The highest stage of treatment continuum engages the patient in natural occupations in their living environment and the community. Not all patients can achieve this stage. What is the rehabilitation model? - ✔✔The rehabilitation model goal is to help the patient learn to work arond or compensate for physical cognitive or perceptual limitations. What is a FIM level of "Total Assistance" or level 1? - ✔✔The person puts forth less than 25% of the effort necessary to do a task. What is a FIM level of "Maximal Assistance" or level 2? - ✔✔The person puts forth less than 50% of the effort necessary to do a task but at least 25% What is a FIM level of "Moderate Assistance" or level 3? - ✔✔The person puts forth between 50% and 75% of the effort necessary to do a task and requires no more than helping or touching. What is a FIM level of "Minimal Contact Assistance" or level 4? - ✔✔The person puts forth 75% or more of the effort necessary to do a task and requires no more help than touching. What is a FIM level of "Supervision or setup" or level 5? - ✔✔The person only needs someone to standby and cue or coax him/her (without physical contact) so that he/she can do a task. What is a FIM level of "Modified Independence" or level 6? - ✔✔No helper is needed and the person needs an assistive device. This score can also be obtained when no help is needed but the person takes considerable time to do a task or may complete the task in an unsafe manner. What is a FIM level of "Total independence" or level 7? - ✔✔No helper is needed and the person performs the task safely within a reasonable amount of time and without assistive devices aids or changes. What FIMS score would be given to a person who needs a helper to set up items or assistive devices?, A score of "5" or "Supervision or setup" can be obtained if a helper is needed to set up items or assistive devices for the person. How tall should a door threshold be for wheelchair accessibility? - ✔✔1/2" and should be bevelled-- should be removed if possible. What is the standard height of a wheelchair seat? - ✔✔18". Toilets are typically 15" and should be raised to accommodate transfers. What is the minimum doorway width for a wheelchair? - ✔✔32" What is the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill? - ✔✔Provides support groups open to clients & families with a focus on education and support for mental illness. Which sensations return FIRST following a nerve injury? - ✔✔Pain and temperature What is occupational performance? - ✔✔Ability to carry out ADLs. Evaluation looks at activity demands client factors and environment. What food consistency is most difficult to swallow? - ✔✔Foods that have liquid and solid consistencies are hardest to chew and swallow. In mental health planning for discharge involves evaluating what? - ✔✔Occupational performance What is AC MRDD? - ✔✔Accredidation Council for Services for Mentally Retarded and Developmentally Disabled What is spinal shock? - ✔✔Transient physiological reaction to depression of the cord below the SCI level. Associated loss of sensorimotor function and flaccid paralysis. Flaccid paralysis symptoms last several days. What is functional skill training? - ✔✔Focuses on mastery of a specific task. Requires client to repeatedly practice the substeps of a task with the # of cues for each task gradually faded out. What is anterior cord syndrome? - ✔✔Often associated with a lesion causing variable loss of motor and sensation function. Proprioception preserved. When should continuous reinforcement be utilized? - ✔✔When teaching new skills. When should intermittant reinforcement be utilized? - ✔✔When maintaining a behavior. What is central cord syndrome? - ✔✔Central injury to cervical spinal cord resulting in greater weakness in UEs than in LEs. What is conus medullaris syndrome? - ✔✔Assoc. with injury to the sacral cord and lumbar nerve roots. Patients present with areflexic bladder bowel and lower limbs. Sacral segments sometimes show preserved reflexes. What is cauda equina syndrome? - ✔✔Due to injury of lumbosacral nerve roots in spinal canal. Leads to areflexic bladder bowel and lower limbs. What is Brown-Sequard syndrome? - ✔✔A hemisection lesion of the cord resulting in ipsilateral motor loss and contralateral loss of sensitivity to pain and temp. What is parasthesia? - ✔✔Sensation of tingling itching numbness or burning caused by sustained nerve pressure or reduced blood flow. What are the muscles of the rotator cuff? - ✔✔Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Minor Should you pass a Level II fieldwork student if they are functioning below the minimal entry level? - ✔✔Students functioning below entry level should be failed. What is "close supervision" defined as? - ✔✔Close supervision is defined as "daily direct contact at the site of work" What is a program evaluation? - ✔✔A program evaluation is the compilation of the intervention results for a population of individuals. What is Durable Medical Equipment (DME)? - ✔✔Items that can withstand repeated use such as a wheelchair medical bed and walkers. Is a shower chair considered a DME? - ✔✔Adaptive equipment is not covered under Medicare as a DME. Items not included are shower chairs reachers hand-held showers. What are the main goals of work hardening? - ✔✔To return the individual to work. Focus on pain management and proper body mechanics is key. What functionality does a person with C1-C3 SCI have? - ✔✔-Individuals required to use a respirator -Individuals might have limited head and neck movement -Able to use "sip and puff" wheelchair -Completely dependendent in ADLs and transfers What functionality does a person with C4 SCI have? - ✔✔-Person has full mobility of the head and neck -Able to breathe independently with low stamina -Complete body paralysis below neck -Possibility of autonomic dysreflexia -"Sip and puff" wheelchair required -Completely dependent in ADLs and transfers