GIZMOS: Student Exploration: Electron Configuration (2020)

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Name: ______​RENSTREL LAXAMANA​_______________ Date: ____​OCT 16, 2020​_________ Student Exploration: Electron Configuration Vocabulary​:​atomic number, atomic radius, Aufbau principle,... chemical family, diagonal rule, electron configuration, Hund’s rule, orbital, Pauli exclusion principle, period, shell, spin,subshell Prior Knowledge Questions ​(Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo​.) 1. Elvis Perkins, a rather shy fellow, is getting on the bus shown at right. Which seat do you think he will probably sit in? Mark this seat with an “E.” 2. Marta Warren gets on the bus after Elvis. She is tired after a long day at work. Where do you think she will sit? Mark this seat with an “M.” 3. In your experience, do strangers getting on a bus like to sit with other people if there is an empty seat available? NO Gizmo Warm-up Just like passengers getting on a bus, electrons orbit the nuclei of atoms in particular patterns. You will discover these patterns (and how electrons sometimes act like passengers boarding a bus) with the ​Electron Configuration ​ Gizmo. To begin, check that ​Lithium​ is selected on the PERIODIC TABLE tab. 1. The ​atomic number​ ​is equal to the number of protons in an atom. How many protons are in a lithium atom? 2. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons and protons. How many electrons are in a neutral lithium atom? 3. Select the ELECTRON CONFIGURATION tab, and check that ​Energy​ is selected. Click twice in the ​1s​ box at lower left and once in the ​2s ​box. Observe the atom model at right. A. What do you see? B. Click ​Check​. Is this ​electron configuration​ correct? Introduction:​ Electrons are arranged in ​orbitals​, ​subshells​, and ​shells​. These levels of organization are shown by the boxes of the Gizmo. Each box represents an orbital. . Question: How are electrons arranged in elements with atomic numbers 1 through 10? Click ​Check​. What is the electron configuration of hydrogen? 1s​1 Lithium: ​ Beryllium: ​ ​Boron​1 5. Arrange​: Click ​Next element ​to select carbon. Add a second electron to the first ​2p​orbital. Click ​Check​.What feedback is given?​ Electrons are not properly arranged in energy levels 6. Rearrange​:​Hund’s rule​ states that electrons will occupy an empty orbital when it is available ​​​​ Activity A (continued from previous page) 7. Compare​: How are the electrons in the ​2p ​subshell similar to passengers getting on a bus? 8. Practice​: In the spaces below, write and illustrate electron configurations for the next four 9. Apply​: Atoms are most stable when their outermost shell is full. If their outermost shell is not full, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until the shell fills up. While doing this, 10. Think and discuss​: Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab, and look at the second row, or ​period​, of the table. How does this row reflect the subshells of the second shell? The second row of the table indicates that the electrons are filled in the second energy level of the atom and thus the atom may consists of up to two blocks of orbitals, the ​s and the ​p​orbitals. Question: How do the radii of atoms change across a period of the periodic table? 2. Arrange​: Create a proper electron configuration for sodium. After clicking ​Check​, note the Electron configuration ​and the ​Atomic radius​ now listed at right. check, and record the electron configuration and atomic radius below. Magnesium electron configuration: _​1s​2​2s​2​2p​6​3s​2​__ Atomic radius: __​145 picometers​___ 4. Gather data​: Create electron configurations for the next six elements. Record the electron configuration and atomic radius of each. (Note: The symbol for picometer is ​pm​ .) 5. Analyze​: How does the atomic radius change across a period of the periodic table? The atomic radius of an atom decreases across a period of the periodic table. (Activity B continued on next page) ​​​ ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Activity B (continued from previous page) 6. Interpret​: Select the ATOMIC RADIUS tab. What do you notice? There is a decreasing pattern of the atomic radius of the graph as the atomic number increases. 7. Predict​: On the ATOMIC RADIUS tab click ​Clear​. Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab. Elements in the same column of the periodic table are called ​chemical families​, or groups. How do you think the size of atoms will change from top to bottom within a chemical family? 8. Test​: Hydrogen, lithium, and sodium are all in the same chemical family. Use the Gizmo to find the atomic radius of each, and list them below. 9. Analyze​: How does the atomic radius change as you go from the top to the bottom of a chemical family? The atomic radius increases 10. Challenge​: Think about the factors that control atomic radius and the patterns you’ve seen. A. Why does the atomic radius decrease as electrons are added to a shell? B. Why does the atomic radius increase as you go from the top to the bottom of a chemical family? 11. Think and discuss​: Compare the electron configurations of hydrogen, lithium, and sodium. Why do you think these elements are grouped in the same family? Question: How are the electron configurations of elements beyond argon determined? 1 ​. What feedback is given? Electrons not placed in the correct energy levels Is this configuration correct? YES What is the configuration? ​1s​2​2s​2​2p​6​3s​2​3p​6​4s​1 3. Arrange​: Click ​Next element​ and add an electron for calcium. Click ​Check​. What is the electron configuration for calcium? 1s​2​2s​2​2p​6​3s​2​3p​6​4s​2 4. Arrange​:Click ​Next element​ and add an electron for scandium. Try different orbitals until you find the right one. What is the configuration for scandium? 1s​2​2s​2​2p​6​3s​2​3p​6​4s​2​3d​1 5. Observe​: Scandium is the first element to contain electrons in the ​d​subshell. How many orbitals does the ​d​subshell have, and how many electrons can fit in the ​d​ subshell? The ​d ​subshell have 5 orbitals and can fit 10 electrons. 6. Infer​: Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab. The middle section of the table contains ten groups that make up the transition metals. Why do you think this section is ten columns wide? Because this section makes up the ​d​block which holds a maximum of 10 electrons. Subshells are filled based on the energy level (Activity C continued on next page) ​​​​​ Activity C (continued from previous page) 8. Make a rule​: Next to ​Subshells ordered by​, select Number​. The ​diagonal rule​ at right shows which subshell will be filled next. To follow the rule, move down along an arrow until you reach the end of the arrow. Then move to the start of the next arrow to the right. A. Which subshell is filled after B. Which subshell is filled after C. Which subshell is filled after 9. Practice​: Determine the electron configurations of the following elements. Use the Gizmo to check your work. (Note: In some cases, the diagonal rule doesn’t work perfectly. If you submit a theoretically correct configuration, the Gizmo will give you the actual configuration.) ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​10. Infer​: Select the PERIODIC TABLE tab. Earlier you saw that the transition metals represent the filling of the ​d ​subshells. Now locate the purple lanthanides and actinides on the bottom rows of the periodic table. A. How many elements are in the lanthanides series? 14 B. Which subshell is represented by the lanthanides series? f C. Which subshell is represented by the actinides series? f D. In general, how does the shape of the periodic table relate to electron configuration? The shape of the periodic table correlates on the how the electrons of an atom are arranged. [Show Less] [Show More]

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